Volume 7, Issue 1 7 1 2026 2026-04-01 https://jlp.ibupress.com/issue/forthcoming-volume-7-issue-1 Journal of Law And Politics 2671-342X 2671-3438 Balkan University Press https://jlp.ibupress.com
Gender Inequality in STEM: Socialization, Structural Barriers, and Institutional Dynamics in the Republic of North Macedonia gender-inequality-in-stem-socialization-structural-barriers-and-institutional-dynamics-in-the-republic-of-north-macedonia Volume 7, Issue 1 Research Article 2026 7 Gender equality constitutes both a fundamental human right and a central pillar of sustainable socio-economic development (Gјorgјioska et al., 2025). Despite notable gains in educational attainment, gender disparities remain pronounced in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM), particularly in pathways leading to technical leadership. This study explores the “Southeast European Paradox,” whereby countries such as North Macedonia and Serbia record substantially higher shares of female STEM graduates than the European Union average, yet struggle to retain this talent within the labor market (OECD, 2024).

Adopting a mixed-methods analytical approach, the research interprets these patterns through the theoretical lenses of social identity theory, social constructivism, and feminist institutionalism. The findings point to a persistent “leaky pipeline”: although women in North Macedonia perform strongly in tertiary education, a significant proportion subsequently exit STEM careers. This attrition is closely associated with exclusionary institutional environments, gendered perceptions of technical competence, and limited career progression opportunities. Comparative evidence from neighboring Southeast European contexts further indicates enduring sectoral segregation, with women underrepresented in high-value industrial domains relative to service-oriented sectors.

The study concludes that formally gender-neutral policy frameworks are insufficient to address these structural constraints. Instead, more robust and targeted interventions are required, including institutional accountability mechanisms such as Gender Responsive Budgeting, enforceable organizational quotas, and systematic gender-sensitivity training within educational and professional settings.

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  Bairoh, S. (2023). “It is competence first”: executives navigating gender equality targets and meritocracy in technology companies. Gender in Management An International Journal, 39(4), 590. https://doi.org/10.1108/gm-05-2022-0172

Bowman, N. A., Jang, N., & Kim, S. Y. (2022). The effects of female representation in STEM courses on student achievement and persistence. American Educational Research Journal, 59(3), 555–589. https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312211055412

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Dasgupta, N., & Stout, J. G. (2014). Girls and women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics: STEMing the tide and broadening participation in STEM careers. Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1(1), 21–29. https://doi.org/10.1177/2372732214549471

  Dost, G. (2024). Students’ perspectives on the ‘STEM belonging’ concept at A-level, undergraduate, and postgraduate levels: an examination of gender and ethnicity in student descriptions. International Journal of STEM Education, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40594-024-00472-9

Eagly, A. H., & Karau, S. J. (2002). Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders. Psychological Review, 109(3), 573–598. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.109.3.573

Eccles, J. S. (2011). Gendered educational and occupational choices: Applying the Eccles et al. model of achievement-related choices. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 35(3), 195–201. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025411398185

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  Ferati, M., Demukaj, V., Kurti, E., Mörtberg, C., Shahrabi, K., & Mustafa, M. K. (2023). Gender Stereotypes and Women Participation in STEM Fields in the Western Balkans: A Scoping Review [Review of Gender Stereotypes and Women Participation in STEM Fields in the Western Balkans: A Scoping Review]. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 12(2), 228. Richtmann Publishing. https://doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2023-0044

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  Gјorgјioska, E., Janeska, M., Spaseska, T., & Jankuloska, A. R. (2025). Protecting Fundamental Freedoms and Promoting Gender Equality: The Case for Binding Quotas on Macedonian Corporate Boards. https://doi.org/10.47305/jlia.2025.1864

  Hamel, E. (2021). Science starts early: A literature review examining the influence of early childhood teachers’ perceptions of gender on teaching practices [Review of Science starts early: A literature review examining the influence of early childhood teachers’ perceptions of gender on teaching practices]. Journal of Childhood Education & Society, 2(3), 267. https://doi.org/10.37291/2717638x.202123118

  Leka, E., Lamani, L., & Hoxha, E. (2024). Equity in Bytes: An In-Depth Analysis of Gender Disparities in the ICT Sector Across Albania and Western Balkans Countries - Insights, Challenges, and Strategies for Promoting Inclusion and Empowerment. https://doi.org/10.18421/tem132-71

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]]> Gender inequality, STEM, Southeast Europe, institutional barriers, gender responsive budgeting 2026-04-01 https://jlp.ibupress.com/articles/gender-inequality-in-stem-socialization-structural-barriers-and-institutional-dynamics-in-the-republic-of-north-macedonia 1 27-44 10.69648/GXMC2707 en CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ https://jlp.ibupress.com/file/Ho5XEXWn6iE/ibu-journal-jlp-7-1-3.pdf Fatime Hasani Reka South East European University, Tetovo, North Macedonia true Journal of Law And Politics 2671-342X 2671-3438 Balkan University Press https://jlp.ibupress.com
Exploring the Role of Citizens’ Associations in Shaping Decision- Making Processes in North Macedonia exploring-the-role-of-citizens-associations-in-shaping-decision-making-processes-in-north-macedonia Volume 7, Issue 1 Research Article 2026 7 The main purpose of this research is to present a study analysis of the notion of interest groups, especially citizens' associations in the Republic of North Macedonia and their participation in public policy development. Interest groups can be defined as formal organizations that strive to reach their goals through influencing decision-making processes. These groups are considered as non-political, but they rather deal with the "politics of politics."

This research paper actually analyses the impact of citizens’ associations on local government in the Republic of North Macedonia and to what extent the citizens take part in the compilation of public policy. For this research, a questionnaire has been prepared and 200 citizens living in Skopje have been contacted by phone, and the achieved results and statistical data show that still the participation of citizens in public policy is not at the proper level. The level of cooperation between citizens and local government, i.e. municipalities, is still at a low level. There is an institutional weakness and low implementation capacity, which limits the voice and participation of citizens in local affairs. This institutional gap also undermines the principles of the rule of law, equal access to justice, as many citizens remain excluded from meaningful decision-making processes, and their rights are not fully safeguarded in practice.

There is a need to raise citizens’ awareness and convince them that the voice of citizens in municipalities should be heard, i.e. they should speak loudly. Strengthening the rule of law and ensuring equal access to justice are therefore essential for enabling genuine democratic participation and for enhancing trust between citizens and institutions. Finally, it is concluded that during the decision-making processes in North Macedonia, nongovernmental and international organizations have given a great contribution with their activities.

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https://www.britannica.com/topic/interest-group

]]> Citizens’ Associations, decision-making, equal access, democratic participation 2026-04-01 https://jlp.ibupress.com/articles/exploring-the-role-of-citizens-associations-in-shaping-decision-making-processes-in-north-macedonia 1 45-56 10.69648/RYES5100 en CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ https://jlp.ibupress.com/file/LsByvVv8kHz/ibu-journal-jlp-7-1-4.pdf Besa Bytyqi South East European University, Tetovo, North Macedonia true Journal of Law And Politics 2671-342X 2671-3438 Balkan University Press https://jlp.ibupress.com
The Effect of Socio- Economic Risk (Criminogenic) Factors and Psychological Perspectives of Juvenile Delinquency: Psychodynamic and Cognitive Approaches the-effect-of-socio-economic-risk-criminogenic-factors-and-psychological-perspectives-of-juvenile-delinquency-psychodynamic-and-cognitive-approaches Volume 7, Issue 1 Research Article 2026 7 Juvenile delinquency is a complex phenomenon. When considering the causes of crime, the effects of internal and external factors are quite important. More precisely, we can talk about factors related to society and factors related to the individual. If we examine the causes of crime in terms of factors related to the individual, psychological theories find application in this very part of criminological studies. It would not be right to stick to a single theory when considering juvenile delinquency, which is generally of close interest to criminology and criminal law. However, considering the changes children show in their developmental stages, psychological theories are inevitable when explaining this phenomenon. Psychodynamic, social learning and cognitive theories are particularly important in explaining juvenile delinquency within the scope of psychological theories. The psychodynamic perspective emphasizes the influence of unconscious processes, unresolved conflicts from childhood, and the role of family dynamics in shaping an individual’s propensity for delinquency. The social learning approach highlights the significance of environmental factors and observational learning. This perspective argues that adolescents learn behaviors through the modeling of significant others, such as peers and family members. The reinforcement of these behaviors through positive and negative feedback further contributes to the persistence of delinquent actions. The cognitive approach focuses on the mental processes that underpin decision-making and the interpretation of social cues. It suggests that delinquents often exhibit cognitive distortions, such as attributing blame or justifying harmful actions, which skew their perceptions of morality and consequence. This perspective underscores the importance of cognitive restructuring and intervention programs aimed at fostering critical thinking and empathy to combat delinquency.

 

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]]> Juvenile delinquency, juvenile crime, psychodynamic theory, social learning theory, cognitive theory 2026-04-01 https://jlp.ibupress.com/articles/the-effect-of-socio-economic-risk-criminogenic-factors-and-psychological-perspectives-of-juvenile-delinquency-psychodynamic-and-cognitive-approaches 1 57-70 10.69648/EOWK1515 en CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ https://jlp.ibupress.com/file/0TM87ByNtHn/ibu-journal-jlp-7-1-5.pdf Ebru Ibish International Balkan University, Skopje, North Macedonia true Shehida Rizvanche Matsani International Vision University, Gostivar, North Macedonia Journal of Law And Politics 2671-342X 2671-3438 Balkan University Press https://jlp.ibupress.com
The Rational Actor Approach in the Kurdish Initiative’s Demonstration of Ontological Security in Turkish Foreign Policy the-rational-actor-approach-in-the-kurdish-initiative-s-demonstration-of-ontological-security-in-turkish-foreign-policy Volume 7, Issue 1 Research Article 2026 7 The Kurdish Initiative, led by the Justice and Development Party (AKP), aimed to integrate the Kurds who constitute the majority in many provinces of the Southeast but are considered a minority within the national framework of the Republic of Türkiye into the system and to reduce the influence of organizations like the PKK (Kurdistan Workers Party), which has been a source of conflict in the country for thirty years. However, in later stages, the AKP administration pursued a rational actor approach on behalf of the Republic of Türkiye, ultimately seeking to prevent the establishment of a Kurdish state, whether through cross-border operations in Syria or occasional targeted operations against high-ranking PKK leaders in Northern Iraq.

 

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]]> Republic of Türkiye, AKP, PKK, rational actor 2026-04-01 https://jlp.ibupress.com/articles/the-rational-actor-approach-in-the-kurdish-initiative-s-demonstration-of-ontological-security-in-turkish-foreign-policy 1 71-87 10.69648/XZZB2660 en CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ https://jlp.ibupress.com/file/Eg5ofzd2sMF/ibu-journal-jlp-7-1-6.pdf İsa Kasum Ankara University, Ankara, Türkiye true Journal of Law And Politics 2671-342X 2671-3438 Balkan University Press https://jlp.ibupress.com
Constructivist Aspects of The UN Security Council’s Permanent Members’ Conduct: The Case of China constructivist-aspects-of-the-un-security-council-s-permanent-members-conduct-the-case-of-china Volume 7, Issue 1 Research Article 2026 7 The UN Security Council (UNSC) has been under an increasing international spotlight with the wars in Syria and Ukraine and the vetoes of some of its five permanent members (P5) in these wars. Yet, the P5 behave differently in and towards the UNSC, and this difference is not (only) explainable by material factors but also, as constructivist IR theory would argue, by the different ideational perspectives they have about world politics and their place in it. This paper deals with China’s conduct in and toward the UN Security Council from a constructivist perspective. China’s behavior rests on several notions, such as non-interference in the internal affairs of a State, and respect for its territorial integrity, as well as opposition to the use of force for regime change. China perceives the world as multipolar and pluralistic and considers that world politics should be conducted in a prudent and constructive manner that is based on consensus through consultation (among great powers) and the respect of the interests of all parties (including small and middle States). Since the start of the 21st century, China has been increasingly more active and assertive in the UNSC, which is evidenced by the fact that it is the permanent member with the most abstentions during this period and the only permanent member that has used the veto more times after the end of the Cold War than during it. At the same time, China wants to portray itself as a “responsible great power” in the UN and in the global order and pays considerable effort in building and maintaining this image. Yet, it stands for a restrictive interpretation of key concepts for international peace and security, such as sovereignty, responsibility, and threat to peace, and is not keen on Security Council reform.

 

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]]> UN Security Council (UNSC), permanent five (P5), constructivism, China, international peace and security 2026-04-01 https://jlp.ibupress.com/articles/constructivist-aspects-of-the-un-security-council-s-permanent-members-conduct-the-case-of-china 1 89-102 10.69648/JQVZ1707 en CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ https://jlp.ibupress.com/file/9rabNxh9eoD/ibu-journal-jlp-7-1-7.pdf Ljupcho Stojkovski Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, North Macedonia true Journal of Law And Politics 2671-342X 2671-3438 Balkan University Press https://jlp.ibupress.com
The Legal Dilemma of Climate-Change Refugees in Light of the Provisions of International Law the-legal-dilemma-of-climate-change-refugees-in-light-of-the-provisions-of-international-law Volume 7, Issue 1 Research Article 2026 7 This paper addresses the legal dilemma surrounding climate-change refugees in light of the provisions of international law. The paper aims to explore and analyze the current international legal regime that consists of the rules of international refugee law and international human rights law, and examines the possibilities of climate-change refugees to receive protection under these legal frameworks. By adopting doctrinal and analytical methods, the paper starts with analyzing the definitional challenges surrounding the term "climate-change refugees", then it moves to explore the applicability of the 1951 Refugee Convention and relevant regional instruments to climate-change refugees, and then evaluates the role of international human rights law as a complementary protection framework. The paper concludes that while climate-change refugees are not legally recognized and protected by international refugee law at both international and regional levels, they also do not receive adequate protection under international human rights law. Finally, the paper calls on the international community and the UN to establish a new, comprehensive international legal framework, in a form of a new convention or an additional protocol that formally recognizes climate-change refugees as a protected category and provides them with clear, adequate, and effective protection.

]]> Aleinikoff, T. A. (1991). The meaning of ‘persecution’ in United States asylum law. International
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Borges, I. M. (2018). Environmental change, forced displacement and international law: From legal
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2009/en/65384

 

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on disaster risk reduction: Disaster. https://www.undrr.org/terminology/disaster

]]> Climate change, climate-change refugee, international refugee law, international human rights law, protection 2026-04-01 https://jlp.ibupress.com/articles/the-legal-dilemma-of-climate-change-refugees-in-light-of-the-provisions-of-international-law 1 103-121 10.69648/RNJD4049 en CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ https://jlp.ibupress.com/file/ItT1AUIiuFQ/ibu-journal-jlp-7-1-8.pdf Mohammad Jamal Abdelnabi China University of Political Science and Law, Beijing, China true Journal of Law And Politics 2671-342X 2671-3438 Balkan University Press https://jlp.ibupress.com
Transparency, Intergovernmental Coordination, and Anti- Corruption Reforms in North Macedonia transparency-intergovernmental-coordination-and-anti-corruption-reforms-in-north-macedonia Volume 7, Issue 1 Research Article 2026 7 Efforts to combat corruption increasingly emphasize the dual importance of transparency and intergovernmental coordination. These two governance principles are closely intertwined. When effectively combined, they create а framework that not only strengthens democratic legitimacy but also prevents abuse of power. From а legal reform perspective, transparency is more thаn а procedurаl vаlue; it is а safeguard аgаinst corruption. Internаtionаl standards аnd obligаtions, pаrticulаrly those stemming from Europeаn Union аccession processes аnd globаl аnti-corruption frаmeworks, further reinforce the need for trаnspаrent аnd coordinаted governаnce. North Mаcedoniа offers а compelling cаse study. Аs а unitаry stаte undergoing decentrаlizаtion аnd grаduаl deconcentrаtion of centrаl power, its institutionаl аrchitecture relies heаvily on coordinаtion between ministries, regulаtory bodies, аnd locаl governments. The аctuаl Strаtegy for Trаnspаrency 2023–2026 reflects both domestic demаnd for stronger аccountаbility аnd compliаnce with international obligations. Yet, the effectiveness of these reforms depends not only on formаl commitments but аlso on how trаnspаrency аnd coordinаtion аre prаcticed within а complex political environment. The positioning of institutions, the role of their leаders, аnd the broаder politicаl dynаmics shаpe whether аnti-corruption objectives аre аchieved in prаctice. This pаper exаmines how transparency reforms in North Macedonia intersect with intergovernmental coordinаtion аnd legаl commitments, highlighting the challenges аnd opportunities of аligning domestic governаnce structures with international аnti-corruption standards.

 

]]> Carothers, T., & Brechenmacher, S. (2014, October 20). Accountability, transparency, participation,
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]]> Corruption, transparency, intergovernmental coordination, international and regional standards, North Macedonia 2026-04-01 https://jlp.ibupress.com/articles/transparency-intergovernmental-coordination-and-anti-corruption-reforms-in-north-macedonia 1 123-135 10.69648/CBAP1595 en CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ https://jlp.ibupress.com/file/AA2H36xphEd/ibu-journal-jlp-7-1-9.pdf Natalija Shikova International Balkan University, Skopje, North Macedonia true Irena Bojadzievska The University American College Skopje, Skopje, North Macedonia Journal of Law And Politics 2671-342X 2671-3438 Balkan University Press https://jlp.ibupress.com
Institutional Suspension and Student Subjectivity institutional-suspension-and-student-subjectivity Volume 7, Issue 1 Research Article 2026 7 This article reconceptualizes student status as a form of institutional and existential suspension in post-transitional societies. Drawing on critical analyses by Ivan Illich, Pierre Bourdieu, and Michel Foucault, it argues that universities do more than produce cultural capital: they generate a subjectivity structured by deferred responsibility and prolonged anticipation. In contexts of structural uncertainty, especially in post-socialist Balkan societies, student suspension emerges as a rational strategy rather than a moral failure. Engaging with Ulrich Beck’s risk society and debates on youth precarity, the article shifts the analysis of student disengagement from moral critique to structural explanation. The Balkan case illustrates how institutional frameworks extend “waithood,” legitimizing a liminal period between dependence and full societal integration. This framework highlights the university not only as a site of knowledge production but also as an architect of social time, where postponement and anticipation are normalized. The study thus provides a lens to understand how late-modern higher education institutionalizes suspension and shapes student subjectivity.

 

]]> Arnett, J. J. (2004). Emerging adulthood: The winding road from the late teens through the twenties.
Oxford University Press.


Beck, U. (1992). Risk society: Towards a new modernity. Sage. (Original work published 1986)
Bourdieu, P. (1986). The forms of capital. In J. G. Richardson (Ed.), Handbook of theory and research
for the sociology of education (pp. 241–258). Greenwood.


Brunnbauer, U. (2011). Globalizing Southeastern Europe: Emigrants, America, and the state since the
late nineteenth century. Lexington Books.


Eurostat. (2023). Youth unemployment statistics. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/
index.php?title=Youth_unemployment_statistics


Foucault, M. (1977). Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison. Pantheon Books.


Furlong, A. (2013). Youth studies: An introduction (2nd ed.). Routledge.


Honwana, A. (2012). The time of youth: Work, social change, and politics in Africa. Kumarian Press.


Illich, I. (1971). Deschooling society. Harper & Row.


OECD. (2024). Western Balkans competitiveness outlook 2024. OECD Publishing. https://www.
oecd.org/publications/western-balkans-competitiveness-outlook-2024-ff74ae0e-en.htm


Standing, G. (2011). The precariat: The new dangerous class. Bloomsbury Academic.


Turner, V. (1969). The ritual process: Structure and anti-structure. Aldine Publishing.


Woodman, D., & Wyn, J. (2015). Youth and generation: Rethinking change and inequality in the lives
of young people. Sage

]]> Institutional suspension, student subjectivity, cultural capital, waithood, risk society 2026-04-01 https://jlp.ibupress.com/articles/institutional-suspension-and-student-subjectivity 1 137-152 10.69648/RIYD8712 en CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ https://jlp.ibupress.com/file/DzubDQMeLnE/ibu-journal-jlp-7-1-10.pdf Nazim Zullufi The University of Prishtina, Prishtina, Kosova true Journal of Law And Politics 2671-342X 2671-3438 Balkan University Press https://jlp.ibupress.com
Geopolitical Interests of the People’s Republic of China in the Eastern Mediterranean geopolitical-interests-of-the-people-s-republic-of-china-in-the-eastern-mediterranean Volume 7, Issue 1 Research Article 2026 7 Over the past decade, the People’s Republic of China has emerged as one of the most influential actors on the international stage, expanding its economic, political, and strategic presence across nearly all regions of the world. The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), launched in 2013 by President Xi Jinping, represents the principal instrument through which Beijing projects its geoeconomic power and consolidates its global influence. In this context, the Eastern Mediterranean has become one of the most significant regions for China’s strategic outlook, combining clear geopolitical, economic, energy-related, and maritime advantages.

The Eastern Mediterranean’s position as a key maritime corridor linking Asia to Europe, its growing energy importance following the discovery of substantial natural resources, and its function as a major node of international trade make the region vital for the Maritime Silk Road. Consequently, China has significantly increased its presence through large-scale infrastructure investments, technological cooperation, economic agreements, and, in certain cases, limited security initiatives.

This study aims to examine China’s geopolitical interests in the Eastern Mediterranean by analyzing the impact of the Belt and Road Initiative on its relations with the region’s principal states: Greece, Türkiye, Egypt, Israel, and Cyprus. Through an assessment of concrete infrastructure, port, energy, and technology projects, the study evaluates how these engagements are reshaping regional power dynamics and contributing to the expansion of China’s influence.

 

 

]]> Alterman, J. B., Conley, H. A., Malka, H., & Ruy, D. (2018). Restoring the Eastern Mediterranean as a U.S. strategic anchor. Center for Strategic and International Studies.

 

Ekman, A. (2018). China in the Eastern Mediterranean: An emerging presence. French Institute of International Relations.

 

Feith, D. J., & Cropsey, S. (2019). The Eastern Mediterranean in the new era of major-power competition: Prospects for U.S.-Israeli cooperation. Hudson Institute.

 

Kandil, A. (2024, November). Profound, trusted and a “win-win” formula? How Egypt views its relationship with China. Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/zypern/21842.pdf

 

Linden, R. H. (2018). The new sea people: China in the Mediterranean. IAI – Istituto Affari Internazionali.

 

Tonchev, P. (2025, February). More than meets the eye: Behind the façade of Sino-Cypriot relations. European Interest. https://www.europeaninterest.eu/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/More-Than-Meets-the-Eye_FINAL.pdf

 

Urciuolo, L. (2024). The Middle Corridor Initiative: Where Europe and Asia meet. European Institute for Asian Studies. https://eias.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Briefing-Paper-The-Middle-Corridor-Initiative-Where-Europe-and-Asia-Meet.docx.pdf

 

Ye, Z. (2023). Cooperation between China and Eastern Mediterranean countries in the context of the Belt and Road Initiative: Opportunities and challenges. BRIQ Belt & Road Initiative Quarterly, 4(2), 62–77. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-89604-5

 

Zeneli, V. (2025, November 10). Greece’s policy on China: Debt-era deals and recalibration. Atlantic Council. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/in-depth-research-reports/report/greeces-policy-on-china-debt-era-deals-and-recalibration/

 

Zhang, J. (2020). Një brez, një rrugë dhe strategjitë gjeopolitike [One belt, one road and geopolitical strategies]. Botart.

]]> People’s Republic of China, Eastern Mediterranean, Türkiye, Greece, Egypt 2026-04-01 https://jlp.ibupress.com/articles/geopolitical-interests-of-the-people-s-republic-of-china-in-the-eastern-mediterranean 1 153-162 10.69648/LFVA1950 en CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ https://jlp.ibupress.com/file/CRAOELWSX0z/ibu-journal-jlp-7-1-11.pdf Nefail Emini South East European University, Tetovo, North Macedonia true Journal of Law And Politics 2671-342X 2671-3438 Balkan University Press https://jlp.ibupress.com
Constitutional and Procedural Regulation of Parliaments in Comparative Perspective: North Macedonia, Serbia, Croatia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina constitutional-and-procedural-regulation-of-parliaments-in-comparative-perspective-north-macedonia-serbia-croatia-and-bosnia-and-herzegovina Volume 7, Issue 1 Research Article 2026 7 The aim of this paper is to analyze the role of Parliament as the highest representative body in North Macedonia, emphasizing the importance of its legitimacy and proper constitution for ensuring democratic stability and institutional functionality. The research focuses on the legal, institutional, and procedural framework regulating the formation of the Assembly of the Republic of North Macedonia. This study applies historical-comparative and legal-political methodologies, including analysis of relevant legal acts, the Constitution, and archival data from previous parliamentary compositions, with special attention to the constitutive session and election of the President of the Assembly. Additionally, a comparative analysis is conducted on procedures for constituting parliaments in Serbia, Croatia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina. The results indicate that timely and proper constitution of Parliament, including the election of parliamentary leadership and formation of working bodies, is key to ensuring legitimacy, effective legislative functioning, and strengthening citizens’ trust in the political system. Differences in procedural solutions, such as the role of the oldest member presiding over the constitutive session, quorum requirements, and leadership election rules, significantly impact the perception and functionality of the parliamentary institution. The study concludes that legitimate and timely constitution of Parliament is a prerequisite for stable democratic governance and institutional stability, proposing improvements to procedures for forming parliamentary bodies, increasing transparency and accountability, and applying good practices from Balkan countries to enhance national parliamentary practice.

 

]]> Assembly of the Republic of North Macedonia. (n.d.). Rules of procedure of the Assembly. https://www.sobranie.mk/delovnik-na-sobranieto.nspx

Bosnia and Herzegovina. (n.d.). Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Ustav Bosne i Hercegovine). https://www.ustavnisud.ba/public/down/USTAV_BOSNE_I_HERCEGOVINE_bos.pdf

Croatian Parliament. (2013). Rules of Procedure of the Croatian Parliament (consolidated text) (Official Gazette Nos. 81/13, 113/16, 69/17, 29/18). https://www.sabor.hr/

House of Peoples of Bosnia and Herzegovina. (2014). Rules of procedure of the House of Peoples of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Poslovnik Doma naroda) (consolidated text). Official Gazette Nos. 58/14, 71/24.

Lider.mk. (2024, September 7). Retrospective: How the referendum for independence in Macedonia took place in 1991. https://lider.mk/retrospektiva-kako-se-odvivashe-referendum-za-nezavisnost-na-makedonija-vo-1991-ta-godina/

National Assembly of Serbia. (n.d.). Rules of procedure (consolidated text). https://www.parlament.gov.rs/narodna-skupstina/vazna-dokumenta/poslovnik-(precisceni-tekst)/ceo-poslovnik-(precisceni-tekst).1423.html

Republic of Croatia. (n.d.). Constitution of the Republic of Croatia (consolidated text / Ustav Republike Hrvatske – pročišćeni tekst). https://www.sabor.hr/

Republic of North Macedonia. (2023). Rules of procedure of the Assembly of the Republic of North Macedonia (Official Gazette No. 248/2023).

Republic of Serbia. (2010). Law on the National Assembly (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia No. 9/2010).

Ristovska, M. (2015). Parliamentary elections in the Republic of Macedonia from 1990 to 2002. Skopje.

Skaric, S. (2000). Македонија на сите континенти (Macedonia on all continents). Union Trade.

Socialist Republic of Macedonia. (1990). Law on Amending the Law on Social Organizations and Citizens’ Associations (Official Gazette No. 12/90).

Treneska-Deskoska, R., Ristovska, M., & Trajkovska-Hristovska, J. (2021). Constitutional law. Prosvetno Delo.

State Election Commission of the Republic of North Macedonia. (n.d.). Official election data. https://www.sec.mk

 

]]> Parliament, constitution, legitimacy, democratic governance, institutional stability 2026-04-01 https://jlp.ibupress.com/articles/constitutional-and-procedural-regulation-of-parliaments-in-comparative-perspective-north-macedonia-serbia-croatia-and-bosnia-and-herzegovina 1 163-172 10.69648/XVRH3147 en CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ https://jlp.ibupress.com/file/AlLGALydiJj/ibu-journal-jlp-7-1-12.pdf Shadija Bantashoska Faculty of Law, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, North Macedonia true Journal of Law And Politics 2671-342X 2671-3438 Balkan University Press https://jlp.ibupress.com