2 1 2021 2021-02-28 https://jlp.ibupress.com/issue/volume-2-issue-1 2671-342X 2671-3438 Balkan University Press https://jlp.ibupress.com

diplomatic-functions-in-the-21st-century-diplomacy 2021 2 In the evolution of diplomacy throughout human history also diplomatic functions were developing. This was determined by a concrete historical and social situation, in which diplomacy operated as well as by the concrete need to use more or less broad spectrum of diplomatic activities. From early forms of negotiation to a full developed range of all of the five functions, what we can follow during the last century, diplomatic functions evolved as far as their outer appearance, substance and mode of implementing are concerned. We could claim that during the period after the end of the Cold War the change has been most obvious. This is the period of postmodern diplomacy, which is primarily influenced by globalization. Social media play a key role here, while diplomats continue to implement interests of their sending states at the receiving states or international organizations.

]]> diplomacy, diplomatic functions, the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, postmodern diplomacy 2021-02-28 https://jlp.ibupress.com/articles/diplomatic-functions-in-the-21st-century-diplomacy 1 1-12 en CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ https://jlp.ibupress.com/file/BVbebIHZoOX/22-pdf.pdf Milan Jazbec University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Nova Univerza, Ljubljana, Slovenia true 2671-342X 2671-3438 Balkan University Press https://jlp.ibupress.com

sovereignty-under-threat-responsibility-to-protect-and-the-understanding-of-sovereignty 2021 2 The situation in Myanmar in 2019, which resulted in the mass displacement and fleeing by the Rohingya population and which, according to UN High Commissioner for Human Rights and UN Secretary General are “textbook examples of ethnic cleansing”, reignited the issue of mass atrocities and the international community’s role in dealing with these problems. The events in Myanmar are some of the latest of a series of other similar mass sufferings that have been occurring in many other places in the world, such as Burundi, South Sudan, DR Congo, Yemen, and of course Syria and Libya. It is more than obvious that this is a reoccurring problem and that is why there has to be a thorough scrutiny of the possible reasons for its persistence. This paper deals with some of these issues. It proceeds in five parts. Firstly, I give a brief introduction about the path that led to the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) and the official acceptance of R2P in 2005. Next, I underline some of the reoccurring critiques of R2P, following which, I address three of them: that R2P is a Western concept, that R2P is basically the same as humanitarian intervention and that (therefore) R2P is a threat to sovereignty. I conclude that R2P has diverse origins; that R2P is broader than humanitarian intervention; and that R2P is not a threat to sovereignty.

]]> Responsibility to Protect, R2P, sovereignty, intervention 2021-02-28 https://jlp.ibupress.com/articles/sovereignty-under-threat-responsibility-to-protect-and-the-understanding-of-sovereignty 1 13-22 en CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ https://jlp.ibupress.com/file/Lje7NWUgO31/23-pdf.pdf Ljupcho Stojkovski Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, North Macedonia true 2671-342X 2671-3438 Balkan University Press https://jlp.ibupress.com

fake-news-as-part-of-the-information-operations-us-presidential-elections-2020-case-study 2021 2 Nowadays there is no doubt that Internet media, especially social networks, have a great political, economic and security influence on the international political scene. Cyberspace has become a new war zone where (non) state actors govern. Although information operations have always been an integral part of the strategic military concept of warfare, today they are the modus operandi of another type of warfare even for the small actors. Fake news has a role to play in shaping public opinion and, by analogy represents the Damocles sword over democracy as a generally accepted civilization value. The trend of countering fake news is a project that unites national governments. It does so, by identifying fake news as a tool or instrument of information operations that threaten the democratic stability of the states. No country or government is immune to this type of media anomaly given that fake news, propaganda or populism (as a benign form of half-truth news) has always existed and is now an integral part of every cell of the online media. Countering fake news is subject to analysis to all security agencies and centers dealing with this issue. The 2020 US elections are being perceived as a second half of the 2016 presidential elections which left a dark mark on democracy and the credibility of the elections as an indispensable process. Four years later, again, the presidential election was marred by suspicions of numerous election irregularities and mutual accusations by the presidential candidates of spreading fake news. Moreover, cyber fights were transferred to the streets, which further burdened the political situation in the country. Undoubtedly, in the period that follows, governments of the great powers are to be facing the growing power of the "uncontrolled media", where non-state actors reign.

]]> social media, information warfare, fake news 2021-02-28 https://jlp.ibupress.com/articles/fake-news-as-part-of-the-information-operations-us-presidential-elections-2020-case-study 1 23-37 en CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ https://jlp.ibupress.com/file/1U9Rgo1KkVr/24-pdf.pdf Igor Gelev true Biljana Popovska 2671-342X 2671-3438 Balkan University Press https://jlp.ibupress.com

essentials-of-the-civil-law-codification-process-the-case-of-republic-of-north-macedonia 2021 2 Historically, the social context of the states that sought to complete the civil law through codification referred, inter alia, to the need to build or strengthen the national unity, integrity of the state and society, economic valorization of society through economic development and, in this regard, increasing the trust in the legal system and strengthening the legal security among citizens. The process of collecting and arranging the laws that regulate social relations with property effect into a code, scientifically ordered, and promulgated by legislative authority is called civil law codification. The most significant civil law codification is the Corpus Juris Civilis, issued by the Roman Emperor Justinijanus Primus and the first modern civil law codification is the French Civil Code, enacted in 1804, and still in use today in France. In the Republic of North Macedonia since its independence, the legal gaps, inconsistencies and contradictions that existed in the laws governing private matters has imposed the need of codification in the field of civil law. In 2011, the Government has established a Civil Law Codification Commission, which was supposed to prepare the Civil Code in 5 years. But after 9 years the process is not completed yet. This paper will evaluate the development of civil law codes through the ages, the characteristics of the ongoing process of civil law codification in North Macedonia, the possibility to include the family law into the Civil Code, the development of the civil law codification processes in the countries in the region and the reasons and importance for adopting a Civil Code in general and in North Macedonia specifically. The objective of these analysis is to help the process of adopting a Civil Code in North Macedonia that will integrate the norms that regulate civil law relations in one legal text in a comprehensive and systematic manner, thus obtaining a new quality in the regulation of civil law, in the direction of greater internal harmonization, compliance of the law and creating legal and economic security.

]]> Civil Code, Codification Commission, Obligations, Successions, Family Law 2021-02-28 https://jlp.ibupress.com/articles/essentials-of-the-civil-law-codification-process-the-case-of-republic-of-north-macedonia 1 38-45 en CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ https://jlp.ibupress.com/file/JhXbT9M15Mq/25-pdf.pdf Nikola Dacev International Balkan University, Skopje, North Macedonia true 2671-342X 2671-3438 Balkan University Press https://jlp.ibupress.com

money-laundering-and-terrorist-financing 2021 2 The fight against terrorism requires international and national cooperation at the national, financial, diplomatic, intelligence, police, military and logistic plan. Money laundering is the process by which the illicit origin of funds derived from criminal activity conceal in order to conceal the link between resources and criminal activities which they have been acquired. These funds are used to finance terrorist activities. Therefore, although the money laundering and terrorist financing are two fundamentally different phenomena, both using the vulnerability of financial systems that allow a certain level of anonymity and lack of transparency in the execution of transactions. Therefore, the cooperation of financial institutions at the national and international level is of the great importance for the suppression of the operation of terrorist organizations. In this paper, the author analyzes the relationship between money laundering and terrorist financing.

]]> money laundering, terrorist financing, the origin, the fight 2021-02-28 https://jlp.ibupress.com/articles/money-laundering-and-terrorist-financing 1 46-53 en CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ https://jlp.ibupress.com/file/Gzc5XrQthPE/26-pdf.pdf Haris Muminovic International Balkan University true 2671-342X 2671-3438 Balkan University Press https://jlp.ibupress.com

prevention-of-offenses-from-being-made-by-minors 2021 2 The extremely large number of criminal offenses committed by juveniles and the imposition of sanctions on them, prompted us to make a special analysis of juvenile delinquency and to prevent the commission of these criminal offenses by minors, analyzing factors and causes the filing of criminal offenses by minors, also contributing to preventive measures and their factorization to reduce penal sanctions imposed by courts against minors. Also in this paper we discussed some ideas how can we prevent crime made by minors, sectors which need to be factored and to have attention to the prevention of crime above crime prevention as three crucial factors in reducing the number of offenses criminal by minors and they are: The role of the police, the judiciary and the role of the mass media. The term prevention (prohibition) , is borrowed pragmatically by vocabulary and vocabulary of medical practice. In the broadest sense, two basic contents of this notion have been profiled, the first of which has to do with intervention as a primary form, while the second form has to do with reaction and reaction before the unwanted criminal phenomenon is manifested for society. In Latin, praeventio (prae-venio, ventim paraeventus, praevenire) marks the definition and the term pass, reach forward, overcome a certain phenomenon, or as it might be said on the basis of common sense prevention, precaution, obstruction, avoidance in advance. The notion of prevention contains in itself all the measures taken in a planned, premeditated and organized manner with which an attempt will be made to eliminate or reduce the direct causes and of criminal and punishable behaviors (V. Latifi, 2013, p. 179).

]]> Juvenile delinquency, Forms of criminal offenses committed by juveniles, Juvenile Justice Code, Preventive measures 2021-02-28 https://jlp.ibupress.com/articles/prevention-of-offenses-from-being-made-by-minors 1 54-61 en CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ https://jlp.ibupress.com/file/BhfxZMzRlow/27-pdf.pdf Fat Mustafa true 2671-342X 2671-3438 Balkan University Press https://jlp.ibupress.com

the-penal-act-of-rape-in-the-republic-of-north-macedonia 2021 2 Rape as a complicated penal act that includes the usage of force, threats or promise is a phenomenon that is present in every form of society. It is influenced by many social, economic and cultural factors. Although this problematic demands much importance in the world, studies show that cases with this phenomenon are critically undervalued and underestimated. The main goal of this scientific paper is to study the phenomenon of rape, as a highly severe act of crime from the criminal`s law aspect and to compare the latter in a regional context and as a multidimensional phenomenon which affects every living society. Furthermore, this scientific paper will analyze cases of rape in the juridical territory of the Appeal Court of Gostivar, in the years from 2014 up to 2018. The verdicts of the Appeal Court of Gostivar will be analyzed and compared with each other.

]]> rape, penal law, comparative analysis, Appeal Court of Gostivar 2021-02-28 https://jlp.ibupress.com/articles/the-penal-act-of-rape-in-the-republic-of-north-macedonia 1 62-71 en CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ https://jlp.ibupress.com/file/3UaqYljEARg/28-pdf.pdf Fjolla Ejupi true 2671-342X 2671-3438 Balkan University Press https://jlp.ibupress.com