3 2 2022 2022-10-30 https://jlp.ibupress.com/issue/volume-3-issue-2 2671-342X 2671-3438 Balkan University Press https://jlp.ibupress.com

human-dignity-bioethics-and-law 2022 3 The concept of human dignity has appeared since Greek and Roman times. It continues with the development of Christianity and Islam, in the Middle Ages, the Renaissance and until nowadays. After 1945, it became an imperative revitalization and reinforced the concept of human dignity. Based on that, the obligation to respect the notion of human dignity has been included in international conventions and constitutional systems of many countries. With social and technological progress, human dignity also appears in health care, connecting law and bioethics concerning situations likely to arise from the start to the end of life. Human dignity represents human beings not only as of the central part of nature but as a component of harmony with others elements, aware of its responsibility for transformation and changing the system of production and consumption. Bioethics generally can be classified as a branch of ethics, but it is also interdisciplinary science; it's started in biology and medicine, developed in philosophy and ended in constitutions and laws.

]]> human dignity, bioethics, law, ethics, production, consumptions, philosophy 2022-10-30 https://jlp.ibupress.com/articles/human-dignity-bioethics-and-law 2 13-17 en CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ https://jlp.ibupress.com/file/CxLRD0SHEj1/45-pdf.pdf Bejtulla Demiri International Balkan University true 2671-342X 2671-3438 Balkan University Press https://jlp.ibupress.com

post-tax-settlement-institution-within-the-scope-of-turkish-tax-law 2022 3 Since taxation is an economic administrative practice, various disputes may arise between taxpayers and tax administrations as a result of tax practices. The resolution of these disputes sometimes causes time loss and uncertainty both from the point of view of the taxpayer and from the point of view of the tax administration. Exclusively, if the tax dispute is brought to the judicial process by at least one of the parties, it is inevitable that a number of costs will arise for the parties. Therefore, various administrative (peaceful) solutions have been developed in the Turkish tax legislation in order to avoid wasting time both from the point of view of the taxpayer and from the point of view of the administration and to eliminate ambiguity as soon as possible. The reconciliation institution, which is one of the alternative settlements n question, is also an institutional arrangement that is preferred by taxpayers permanently. This institution, which is carried out depending on the mutual dialogue and bargaining behaviour of the parties, is divided into two as reconciliation before and after the assessment. Both types of reconciliation may result in the mutual agreement of the parties and the elimination of the problem in the taxation process, which is in dispute with the partial elimination of tax debts and / or penalties. In this study, two types of reconciliation institution are also defined, but the post-tax reconciliation institution constitutes the main subject of the study. In the study, the nature, provisions and consequences of the settlement institution after the assessment, which is the reconciliation method mostly used by the parties in practice, are discussed. In the study, document analysis, which is a qualitative data analysis technique, is used.

]]> Turkish Tax Procedure Law, Reconciliation, conciliation after assessment 2022-10-30 https://jlp.ibupress.com/articles/post-tax-settlement-institution-within-the-scope-of-turkish-tax-law 2 18-25 en CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ https://jlp.ibupress.com/file/3CN3RUinXml/46-pdf.pdf Mutlu Yoruldu Balikesir University true Nilüfer Zeybek Yoruldu 2671-342X 2671-3438 Balkan University Press https://jlp.ibupress.com

basic-cantonal-impeachment-phases-in-switzerland 2022 3 Switzerland relies on a federal constitution (the Constitution of the state) and is then a legal state. Switzerland is a direct democracy because citizens can coexist strongly in public affairs. Switzerland's direct democracy is an example to the world. It is also federal because it consists with cantons, which have a wide range of independence. Today Switzerland has 26 cantons, six of which are semi-cantons. They come in a variety of sizes and do not create a single linguistic or religious unit: Zürich, Bern, Lucerna, Uri, Schwyz, Obwalden and Nidwalden (Halbkantone), Glarus, Zug, Freiburg, Solothurn, Basel-Stadt and Basel-Landschaft. (semiconductor), Schaffhausen, Appenzell Ausserrhoden and Appenzell Innerrhoden (semiconductor), St. Gallen, Graubünden, Aargau, Thurgau, Tessin, Waadt, Wallis, Neuenburg, Genf and Jura. Democracy in Switzerland relies on the Swiss Federal Constitution and recognizes the separation of powers. By this is, it means that state power is distributed over different state bodies. At the national level this seems to be as follows: Legislative, Cantonal Representation, Executive. Knowing that cantons play an important role in shaping the legal system in Switzerland, in this paper we will analyze thë basic cantonal impeachment phases.

]]> Federal constitution, direct democracy, shaping the legal system of Switzerland, legal independence of the cantons, basic cantonal impeachment phases 2022-10-30 https://jlp.ibupress.com/articles/basic-cantonal-impeachment-phases-in-switzerland 2 26-34 en CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ https://jlp.ibupress.com/file/07ISShthGrd/47-pdf.pdf Xhemile Saliu 1 International Balkan University true 2671-342X 2671-3438 Balkan University Press https://jlp.ibupress.com

judicial-corruption-and-vetting-process-comparative-analysis-from-western-balkan-countries 2022 3 Corruption, especially in the judicial system, is a phenomenon that violates the most crucial principle that is equality before the law and deprives people from their basic rights, including the right to a fair trial regulated under Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights. When a judicial system is corrupted, the influence that is made through material values, such as money, may decide which cases are prioritized or which can be dismissed, so the real perpetrators remained unpunished whereas the victims are left without any answer and consequently without justice.
In order to fight this widen phenomenon, a large number of public institutions such as the World Bank and independent organizations including TI, ICJ, Judicial Integrity Group (JIG), and International Bar Association are engaged in developing strategies for advancing judicial integrity but another important mechanism that is crucial for increasing judicial integrity is through the Vetting process, which according to U.N is a formal process for the identification and removal of officials responsible for abuses, especially from several areas including the judiciary.
There are a considerable number of countries that implemented the Vetting process including the Republic of Albania, the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Republic of Serbia, whereas in the Republic of North Macedonia, the Vetting process isn’t functional but with the amendment of the the Law on Courts and the Law on the Judicial Council of the Republic of North Macedonia on May 2nd, 2018 based on the 2017-2022 Judicial Reform Strategy and Action Plan, the aim of making a deep change in the system of evaluation and dismissal of judges was reached. It is important however to know that more initiatives need to be taken in order to upgrade the justice system and increase the public trust in the countries of the Western Balkan.

]]> Corruption, Judicial System, Vetting, Public Trust, Justice 2022-10-30 https://jlp.ibupress.com/articles/judicial-corruption-and-vetting-process-comparative-analysis-from-western-balkan-countries 2 35-43 en CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ https://jlp.ibupress.com/file/JV2N5rCYdsP/48-pdf.pdf Vesna Trajanovska 1 International Balkan University true Entoni Miska International Balkan University 2671-342X 2671-3438 Balkan University Press https://jlp.ibupress.com

turkey-s-mediation-role-in-international-relations-and-efforts-to-reduce-active-tensions-and-conflicts-case-of-war-between-russia-and-ukraine 2022 3 Reducing the tensions is challenging on the parties' side, taking the initiative to mediate the conflicting parties. Contradicting interests of countries cause conflicts unexpectedly nowadays. Rather than negotiation, escalating conflict and war are chosen. While analysing current disputes, the battle between Russia and Ukraine directly or indirectly affected many countries. Taking a precaution is a good step towards peace. Nowadays, Turkey would like to take a diplomatic way to put conflicting sides to the negotiation table. It won't be only for a country's sake but the sake of all. Because without diplomacy and open talks, it is impossible to negotiate with states. Turkey took the first step to solve or cease the war between Russia and Ukraine. Why Turkey is a crucial country for the resolution of this war and Turkey's initiatives, motivation, goals and reasons to reduce the conflict will be analyzed.

]]> Conflict, Turkey, Region, World, Diplomacy, Negotiation 2022-10-30 https://jlp.ibupress.com/articles/turkey-s-mediation-role-in-international-relations-and-efforts-to-reduce-active-tensions-and-conflicts-case-of-war-between-russia-and-ukraine 2 44-50 en CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ https://jlp.ibupress.com/file/AznweLRyT1m/49-pdf.pdf Omer Cem Ulutas International Balkan University https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3391-0517 true 2671-342X 2671-3438 Balkan University Press https://jlp.ibupress.com

basic-characteristics-of-the-informalization-of-the-behavior-patterns-of-individuals 2022 3 Informalization is a process of regulating the behavior of individuals in which formal social norms become part of the general culture, of the habitus of individuals and become informal rules of behavior. Informalization takes place in specific socio-historical conditions. This article makes an attempt to follow the process of informationalization of the social in a historical perspective. In that sense, we will follow the informatization as part of the wider process of civilizing the behavior of individuals.

]]> informalization, formalization, manners of behavior, civilization, permisivness 2022-10-30 https://jlp.ibupress.com/articles/basic-characteristics-of-the-informalization-of-the-behavior-patterns-of-individuals 2 51-58 en CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ https://jlp.ibupress.com/file/2uSlpxRcrSF/50-pdf.pdf Kire Sharlamanov 1 International Balkan University true 2671-342X 2671-3438 Balkan University Press https://jlp.ibupress.com

patent-as-an-industrial-property-right 2022 3 One of the oldest and fundamental rights of the industrial property is the patent. The beginnings of its protection are traced as backas to the Middle Ages, to the time when the city authorities tried to attract to their environments competent inventive individuals able to contribute with their inventions to improving the development of commodity production. The subject matter of protection by patent as the right to industrial property is an invention. The invention is a significant factor for the general economic progress. Pursuant to the Law on Industrial Property, patent is defined as the right to industrial property that protects an invention in a procedure specified by law. There are a few types of inventions, invention of a product, invention of a procedure, and invention of matter. Patent is an exclusive right recognised for protection of an invention. Patenting an invention is of great use for a business in terms that it can give exclusive rights to that specific business or company to use the invention up to 20 years from the date of submission of an application for the patent. A procedure for recognition of patent is initiated by the submission of an application for patent to the State Office of the Industrial Property as the competent state authority. Patent gives the owner the exclusive right to make, use, place on the market or sell a patent-protected invention, for a limited period of time which, as a rule, may not exceed 20 years. Protection by patent ensures a favourable position to the patent holder in the market of products and technologies.

]]> patent, invention, protection, industrial property, intellectual property 2022-10-30 https://jlp.ibupress.com/articles/patent-as-an-industrial-property-right 2 59-64 en CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ https://jlp.ibupress.com/file/KvZtOe20Lph/51-pdf.pdf Kalin Mitreski Ss. Cyril and Methodius true 2671-342X 2671-3438 Balkan University Press https://jlp.ibupress.com

proposal-for-a-directive-in-eu-liability-rules-for-artificial-intelligence-help-my-automated-driving-car-ran-into-my-neighbor-s-house-who-pays 2022 3 Imagine an Artificial Intelligence (“AI”) based robot assists doctors during a surgery and AI makes the wrong decision. As a result, the surgery goes wrong and the patient would claim damages or compensation for pain and suffering. Another example: An autonomously driving car decides to increase the speed and injures people on the street in course of diverting. Also in this case, the incurred damage should be compensated. The main question which rises here is: who is liable here and to what extent? The doctor and the driver who use artificial intelligence for their own purposes or maybe the manufacturer?

]]> Artificial intelligence, Artificial Intelligence System, Artificial Intelligence Liability Directive, EU Commission 2022-10-30 https://jlp.ibupress.com/articles/proposal-for-a-directive-in-eu-liability-rules-for-artificial-intelligence-help-my-automated-driving-car-ran-into-my-neighbor-s-house-who-pays 2 65-68 en CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ https://jlp.ibupress.com/file/L3GPVFWNxGQ/52-pdf.pdf Marta Vejseli true 2671-342X 2671-3438 Balkan University Press https://jlp.ibupress.com

a-binding-treaty-on-business-and-human-right 2022 3 Arguments can be found that the ever-growing power and influence of transnational corporations, which often greatly exceeds the resources and the capacities of many states, have repeatedly resulted with abuses of human rights and violations of basic principles of national and international law with unwilling and/or weak state governance to counter this. In June 2014, the UN Human Rights Council for the first time took formal steps to elaborate an international legally binding instrument to regulate the activities of transnational corporations and other business enterprises with respect to human rights. This article acknowledges the utmost need to hold businesses accountable for human rights abuses and provides an overview on the meaning of a binding treaty on business and human rights from a legal, economic and policy perspective to test whether this approach strengthens the protection of human rights. The scope of the article is limited to exploring the feasibility of the idea of a binding treaty by providing a general overview of the discussion related to the status i.e. the legal subjectivity of corporations under international law, as well as to analysis of the applicability of international human rights law to corporations. This scrutiny with regards to the role of transnational corporations in the context of human rights shows that currently the matter stands in a way that any solution proposed from the perspective of international law appears as a futile approach from which there is no escape because of mutually conflicting or dependent conditions like the ones presented in Catch-22, the novel written by Joseph Heller. The article points out the shortcomings of a binding convention within the belief that rather than despair, this should lead us to organize better to ensure that the amorality of profit does not prevent the rise of the emerging need of a new human rights dialogue.

]]> 2022-10-30 https://jlp.ibupress.com/articles/a-binding-treaty-on-business-and-human-right 2 5-12 en CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ https://jlp.ibupress.com/file/LKzOAPAz6Wt/44-pdf.pdf Vildan Drpljanin Cyril Methodius University, Skopje, North Macedonia true 2671-342X 2671-3438 Balkan University Press https://jlp.ibupress.com

the-notion-of-state-aid-in-eu-law 2022 3 The term “aid” has not been defined within the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). Instead, the prohibition of aid is governed under Article 107 TFEU, stipulating that Member States may not grant any aid without prior notification to the European Commission. However, if a state measure qualifies as 'aid' within the meaning of Article 107 TFEU, a distinction must be made between existing aid and new aid. Depending on the type of aid, different procedural regulations of the TFEU must be adhered to. The prohibition of aid under Article 107 TFEU does not imply that no aids may be granted at all.

]]> 2022-10-30 https://jlp.ibupress.com/articles/the-notion-of-state-aid-in-eu-law 2 69-71 en CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ https://jlp.ibupress.com/file/DBwjbci2n11/53-pdf.pdf Marta Vejseli true 2671-342X 2671-3438 Balkan University Press https://jlp.ibupress.com