Volume 4, Issue 2

THE ADMISSIBILITY CLAIM BEFORE THE GENERAL COURT IN THE CONTEXT OF STATE AID LAW Case T-131/21- Região Autónoma da Madeira v Commission the-admissibility-claim-before-the-general-court-in-the-context-of-state-aid-law-case-t-131-21-regi-o-aut-noma-da-madeira-v-commission Volume 4, Issue 2 Research Article 2023 4 The General Court of the European Union issued its ruling on September 21, 2022, in the case T-95/21 concerning the Madeira Free Zone State aid scheme. In its decision, the Court affirmed that the Europeans Commission's (hereinafter: Commission) conclusion, which stated that the implementation of the Madeira Free Zone State aid scheme (Regime III) did not adhere to the approved conditions, was accurate. The scheme was not implemented according to State aid law, and therefore it must be recovered. The primary objective of the scheme was to enhance the economic development of Madeira through tax incentives. Consequently, the General Court dismissed Portugal's appeal against the Commission's decision (KPMG, Enache, Puscas, 2022).

The authority however, which was involved in granting the State aid, was not only Portugal but also Região Autónoma da Madeira (Autonomous Region of Madeira, Portugal, hereinafter “RAM”) and therefore, it decided to appeal the Commission’s decision, as individual applicant. Same as Portugual, RAM which seeks annulment of Articles 1 and 4 to 6 of Commission Decision (EU) 2022/1414 of 4 December 2020 on the aid scheme SA.21259 (2018/C) (ex 2018/NN) implemented by Portugal in favour of the free zone of Madeira (Zona Franca da Madeira - ZFM) - Scheme III (OJ 2022, L 217, p. 49).

Therefore, on June 12, 2023, the General Court was required to render a judgment on the same subject matter as its decision on September 21, 2022 (Judgment – 21.06.2023 - Região Autónoma da Madeira v Commission, Case T-131/21, ECLI:EU:T:2023:348). The only distinction is that the current applicant is different from the previous case.

]]> 2023-10-30 https://jlp.ibupress.com/articles/the-admissibility-claim-before-the-general-court-in-the-context-of-state-aid-law-case-t-131-21-regi-o-aut-noma-da-madeira-v-commission 2 5-8 en CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ https://jlp.ibupress.com/file/EVytwsvC4Yl/60-pdf.pdf Marta Vejseli true Journal of Law And Politics 2671-342X 2671-3438 Balkan University Press https://jlp.ibupress.com

A THEORETICAL APPROACH TO MONETARY POLICY STRATEGIES a-theoretical-approach-to-monetary-policy-strategies Volume 4, Issue 2 Research Article 2023 4 An equally important element of the new consensus is precisely the choice of the optimal one strategy that should be used to achieve the previous explanation of the ultimate goals of monetary policy. It is all due to impossibilities of the direct influence of monetary policy instruments on the ultimate goals, so that a particularly important issue that is the subject of theoretical considerations is the choice of adequate intermediate target. The target, as a link between the operational and ultimate goal of monetary policy plays a role in the leading indicator, because it registers them the changes in advance, but also the political indicator, because it reflects the intention of the central bank. Considering that monetary theory has accepted the thesis that they exist high costs of inflation due to the events that took place during the 70s years of the 20th century, an important element in achieving price stability is the existence of a nominal anchor. A nominal anchor represents a nominal variable embodied in inflation rate, money supply, exchange rate or nominal gross home product. The decision to choose an intermediate target variable depends exactly from which theory the central bank relies on when explaining it the transmission mechanism of monetary policy. Economic theory starts from several assumptions for successful application of this mode, the most significant of which refer to the necessity of the existence of constant speed of money circulation, as well as exogeneity of the money supply, that is its control by the central bank. Considering that the mentioned preconditions existed during the seventies, the strategy of the monetary target was then adopted in several developed countries, but had different results.

]]> Central Bank, Monetary Policy Strategies, Money circulation 2023-10-30 https://jlp.ibupress.com/articles/a-theoretical-approach-to-monetary-policy-strategies 2 9-15 en CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ https://jlp.ibupress.com/file/GsFozSfXNLT/61-pdf.pdf Haris Muminovic International Balkan University true Journal of Law And Politics 2671-342X 2671-3438 Balkan University Press https://jlp.ibupress.com

INHERITANCE IN TERMS OF POSITIVE LAW AND CUSTOMART LAW, IN NORTH ALBANIA inheritance-in-terms-of-positive-law-and-customart-law-in-north-albania Volume 4, Issue 2 Research Article 2023 4 This paper aims to emphasize a dialectic litigation between the positive law and the customary law in regard with inheritance, in the Northern part of the Republic of Albania. The conceptual analyses and boundaries inter alia these laws seem to be very difficult to understand which ones are more applicable. According to research, appears to be the “historical law” more applicable rather than an “applied law” which is regulated within the Civil Code and the Constitution of the country. The right of inheritance is the most visible part and presents how positive law is facing difficulties and obstacles to find application.Albania is very rich in the framework of Customary Law. The focus in this work will be at Kanuni i Lekë Duakagjinit. The legal sources of unwritten and later on written forms of Canons were always present in daily life in this area which regulated the “public” and private life of the individual and the society. The scope of the applicability of Kanuni i Lekës, now days, as an Customary Law on one hand concerning the Right of Inheritance for a woman and on the other hand the non-applicability of the positive law - The Right of Inheritance for woman and man, out speak the juxtaposition. Through the comparative approach will shed light on about the ambiguity upon the concepts. The patriarchal and patrilineal mindset is deeply rooted in the society and gives the arduous task to understand the ambiguity among the history and the present in the sense of legal skeleton.

]]> Positive Law, Customary Law, Right to Inheritance and legal norm 2023-10-30 https://jlp.ibupress.com/articles/inheritance-in-terms-of-positive-law-and-customart-law-in-north-albania 2 16-22 en CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ https://jlp.ibupress.com/file/13ykmP0j5xb/62-pdf.pdf Albulena Ibraimi 1 International Balkan University true Journal of Law And Politics 2671-342X 2671-3438 Balkan University Press https://jlp.ibupress.com

THE WORLD BANK GROUP’S RESPONSE TO THE COVID 19 (CORONAVIRUS) PANDEMIC the-world-bank-group-s-response-to-the-covid-19-coronavirus-pandemic Volume 4, Issue 2 Research Article 2023 4 As countries around the world work to contain the spread and impact of COVID-19, the World Bank Group has mounted the largest crisis response in its history to help developing countries strengthen their pandemic response. With the pandemic’s rapid spread into developing countries, the World Bank Group is working hard to deliver support to clients. From April 2020 to March 2021, the Bank Group committed over $200 billion, an unprecedented level of financial support, to public and private sector clients to fight the impacts of the pandemic. Our support is tailored to the health, economic, and social shocks that countries are facing. The Bank Group’s support is helping developing countries save lives and detect, prevent, and respond to COVID-19. The financing is also helping address the health emergency, strengthen health systems, protect the poor and vulnerable, support businesses, create jobs and jump start a green, resilient, and inclusive recovery. In addition to ongoing support for health systems, our operations emphasize social protection, especially through cash transfers, as they’ll as poverty alleviation and policy-based financing. The World Bank is also working to restructure, redeploy, and reallocate existing resources in projects it finances.

]]> policy-based financing, health, economic, and social shocks 2023-10-30 https://jlp.ibupress.com/articles/the-world-bank-group-s-response-to-the-covid-19-coronavirus-pandemic 2 23- en CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ https://jlp.ibupress.com/file/EH2YMNSHEK6/63-pdf.pdf Haris Muminovic International Balkan University true Journal of Law And Politics 2671-342X 2671-3438 Balkan University Press https://jlp.ibupress.com