Volume 6, Issue 1

UNPACKING THE DEBATE: WHAT YOUTUBE COMMENTS REVEAL ABOUT POLITICAL EQUALITY IN AMERICA unpacking-the-debate-what-youtube-comments-reveal-about-political-equality-in-america Volume 6, Issue 1 Research Article 2025 6 Technological advancement and political engagement have positioned social media platforms as salient forces in the contemporary political sphere. Notably, YouTube has evolved into a prominent medium, surpassing conventional media constraints and redefining political information dissemination and reception modalities. This paper investigates YouTube’s function within the United States political context, scrutinizing its influence on public opinion formation, political discourse, and democratic mechanisms. Specifically, by analyzing audience sentiment expressed in comment sections of popular news and political channels addressing socio-economic equality within the United States, this study aims to delineate the factors that modulate audience engagement with political content. By elucidating these dynamic interactions, this investigation contributes to a refined comprehension of how digital platforms, such as YouTube, construct political narratives and facilitate democratic participation. The resultant findings offer critical insights for scholarly discourse concerning digital democracy, civic engagement, and the evolving paradigm of digital political communication.

]]> Alzubi, A. (2023). The evolving relationship between digital and conventional media: A study of media consumption habits in the digital era. The Progress: A Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 4(3), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.71016/tp/jjexez32

Boulianne, S., Hoffmann, C. P., & Bossetta, M. (2024). Social media platforms for politics: A comparison of Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, YouTube, Reddit, Snapchat, and WhatsApp. New Media & Society. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448241262415

Bowyer, B. T., Kahne, J. E., & Middaugh, E. (2017). Youth comprehension of political messages in YouTube videos. New Media & Society, 19(4), 522–541. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444815611593

Claire, H., Vogel, C., & Laurent, D. (2016). Internet research methods. Sage.

Donnellan, J., McDonald, M., & Edmondson, M. (2020). Impact of social media on consumer buying patterns. International Journal of Marketing Studies, 12(3), 71. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijms.v12n3p71

Finlayson, A. (2022). YouTube and political ideologies: Technology, populism and rhetorical form. Political Studies, 70(1), 62–80. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032321720934630

Fujiwara, T., Muller, K., & Schwarz, C. (2024). The effect of social media on elections: Evidence from the United States. Journal of the European Economic Association, 22(3), 1495–1539. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvad058

Gallarotti, G. M. (2015). Smart power: Definitions, importance, and effectiveness. Journal of Strategic Studies, 38(3), 245–281. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402390.2014.1002912

Gray, C. S. (2011). Hard power and soft power: The utility of military force as an instrument of policy in the 21st century. US Army War College Press. https://press.armywarcollege.edu/monographs/581

Hoferer, M., Bottcher, L., Herrmann, H. J., & Gersbach, H. (2020). The impact of technologies in political campaigns. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications, 538, 122795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2019.122795

Jin, D. Y. (2024). The rise of digital platforms as a soft power apparatus in the new Korean Wave era. Communication and the Public, 9(2), 161–177. https://doi.org/10.1177/20570473241234204

Kaleem, M. (2023). The impact of the use of soft power in social media on public diplomacy for international co-existence. International Journal of Membrane Science and Technology, 10(3), 372–388. https://doi.org/10.15379/ijmst.v10i3.1541

Koechlin, E. (2018). LaChrystal D. Ricke, The impact of YouTube on U.S. politics. InMedia, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.4000/inmedia.1328

Kolotaev, Y., & Kollnig, K. (2021). Political influence of online platforms: YouTube’s place in European politics. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. International Relations, 14(2), 225–240. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu06.2021.206

Kozinets, R. V. (2020). Netnography: The essential guide to qualitative social media research. Sage.

Kozinets, R. V., & Gretzel, U. (2024). Netnography evolved: New contexts, scope, procedures, and sensibilities. Annals of Tourism Research, 104, 103693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2023.103693

Luders, A., Dinkelberg, A., & Quayle, M. (2022). Becoming “us” in digital spaces: How online users creatively and strategically exploit social media affordances to build up social identity. Acta Psychologica, 228, 103643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103643

Mostafa, M. M., Feizollah, A., & Anuar, N. B. (2023). Fifteen years of YouTube scholarly research: Knowledge structure, collaborative networks, and trending topics. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 82(8), 12423–12443. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-022-13908-7

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Vlahovic, A., Ercegovac, I., & Tankosic, M. (2023). Unraveling the narrative structures in YouTube vlogs: A qualitative content analysis. Media Studies and Applied Ethics, 4(2), 25–42. https://doi.org/10.46630/msae.2.2023.03

]]> YouTube, political engagement, public opinion, digital democracy, social media platforms 2025-04-30 https://jlp.ibupress.com/articles/unpacking-the-debate-what-youtube-comments-reveal-about-political-equality-in-america 1 1-19 10.69648/OFBK2896 en CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ https://jlp.ibupress.com/file/3buoYc6lJPv/ibu-journal-jlp-6-1-1.pdf Abdullah Sumrahadi President University, Jababeka, Indonesia & Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia true Agriffina Evita Martha Gurning President University, Jababeka, Indonesia Harryanto Aryodiguno President University, Jababeka, Indonesia Journal of Law And Politics 2671-342X 2671-3438 Balkan University Press https://jlp.ibupress.com

A CHANGING EUROPE AND THE SECURITY OF THE WESTERN BALKANS a-changing-europe-and-the-security-of-the-western-balkans Volume 6, Issue 1 Research Article 2025 6 The current global context, particularly in Europe, has heightened the importance of security concerns, as the significant changes that have occurred and are anticipated pose a considerable threat to peace and stability. The Western Balkans has identified European integration as a fundamental strategy for achieving lasting peace and stability. In light of the recent escalation of security threats in Eastern Europe, particularly the Russia-Ukraine conflict, the urgency of addressing these risks has intensified. Effective protection against such threats necessitates a unified European policy that encompasses both the EU member states and the countries of the Western Balkans. The Western Balkans is a political notion with multiple geographical definitions. The Western Balkans, a region that includes Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Kosovo, was the area where East and West were divided throughout the Cold War. Today, the countries of the Western Balkans that have passed the transition period still face the difficulties of their consolidation or the stability of bilateral agreements. Although they are located on the European continent with cultural diversity in a narrow space, they still need to be put in the European integration and security process. In this context, the Western Balkans remains a critical region within the broader European framework, where stability, peace, and security require both internal reforms and external support. The integration of these countries into the EU is not only vital for regional peace but also for the collective security of Europe as a whole. This paper examines the dynamics of Western Balkan integration, the security challenges the region faces, and potential pathways toward a more stable and secure European future.

]]> Brunnbauer, U. (2022). Side effects of “phantom pains”: How Bulgarian historical mythology derails North Macedonia’s EU accession. Comparative Southeast European Studies, 70(4), 722–739. https://doi.org/10.1515/soeu-2022-0064

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]]> Europe, security, peace, conflicts, Western Balkans, stability 2025-04-30 https://jlp.ibupress.com/articles/a-changing-europe-and-the-security-of-the-western-balkans 1 21-29 10.69648/AGBO1273 en CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ https://jlp.ibupress.com/file/GzEeBd5n7MW/ibu-journal-jlp-6-1-2.pdf Amir Shaban South East European University, Tetovo, North Macedonia true Journal of Law And Politics 2671-342X 2671-3438 Balkan University Press https://jlp.ibupress.com

FUNCTIONING OF THE MEDIA IN NORTH MACEDONIA DURING COVID-19 AND RESPECTING JOURNALISTIC ETHICS functioning-of-the-media-in-north-macedonia-during-covid-19-and-respecting-journalistic-ethics Volume 6, Issue 1 Research Article 2025 6 Ethics is the study of human behavior through the lens of moral prin ciples. It helps us understand what is right or wrong and how we make decisions that affect others. In journalism, ethics form the foundation of professionalism. A journalist’s most important asset should be ethical integrity. Yet, today, this principle is often overlooked. We live in an era of rapid and uncontrolled information sharing. Journalists some times fail to report even basic facts accurately. In more serious cases, they may violate individuals’ rights through careless or sensational reporting. Social media has made this worse. Now, anyone can present themselves as a journalist simply by creating a page and posting content, regardless of training or accountability. This flood of information has created a dangerous imbalance: we have more quantity of news, but less quality. As a result, ethical standards in journalism are weakening. This trend became especially visible during the COVID-19 pandemic, when misinformation spread rapidly and caused real harm. To rebuild trust, media professionals must return to core ethical principles: verify information, respect privacy, avoid sensationalism, and prioritize public interest. Media organizations should also develop clearer guidelines and provide training in ethics, especially during times of crisis. These steps are essential to ensure that journalism serves society, not harms it.

]]> Alsat-M. (2020). Emisioni 360 shkallë në Alsat-M: Si një qytetar i Shkupit përpiqet të ndalojë korona virusin [360 Degrees on Alsat-M: How a Skopje resident tries to stop the coronavirus]. 360 Stepeni. https://360stepeni.mk/video-kako-skopjanets-brka-korona-virus/

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]]> COVID-19, pandemic, information, media, ethics 2025-04-30 https://jlp.ibupress.com/articles/functioning-of-the-media-in-north-macedonia-during-covid-19-and-respecting-journalistic-ethics 1 31-42 10.69648/ZWTP6754 en CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ https://jlp.ibupress.com/file/71Bg9etTKYh/ibu-journal-jlp-6-1-3.pdf Dashmir Idrizi University of Tetova, Tetova, North Macedonia true Journal of Law And Politics 2671-342X 2671-3438 Balkan University Press https://jlp.ibupress.com

THE PIVOTAL ROLE OF EU ENGAGEMENT IN NORTH MACEDONIA: INTERNAL COHESION IMPLICATIONS AMID GEOPOLITICAL CHALLENGES the-pivotal-role-of-eu-engagement-in-north-macedonia-internal-cohesion-implications-amid-geopolitical-challenges Volume 6, Issue 1 Research Article 2025 6 Arnaudov, M. (2024). North Macedonia security threats in the third decade of XXI century: Instituti onal and political framework as a key determinant of instability. Arel USAM.

Bechev, D. (2017). Rival power: Russia’s influence in Southeast Europe. Yale University Press.

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]]> EU, security shifts, North Macedonia, geopolitics, regional security 2025-04-30 https://jlp.ibupress.com/articles/the-pivotal-role-of-eu-engagement-in-north-macedonia-internal-cohesion-implications-amid-geopolitical-challenges 1 43-60 10.69648/PTOZ9634 en CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ https://jlp.ibupress.com/file/DtMhOAvkpmF/ibu-journal-jlp-6-1-4.pdf Gjeraqina Leka University of Tetova, Tetovo, North Macedonia true Ebrar Ibraimi University of Tetova, Tetovo, North Macedonia, Journal of Law And Politics 2671-342X 2671-3438 Balkan University Press https://jlp.ibupress.com

ILLIBERAL PLAYBOOKS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF VIKTOR ORBAN AND DONALD TRUMP’S POPULIST STRATEGIES illiberal-playbooks-a-comparative-study-of-viktor-orban-and-donald-trump-s-populist-strategies Volume 6, Issue 1 Research Article 2025 6 The purpose of this study is to redefine populism, which exists in many countries that make up the international community and is understood as a political phenomenon, and to analyze the possible similarities between Prime Minister Viktor Mihaly Orban of Hungary (2010–pres ent) and current President Donald John Trump of the United States. In this context, the study identifies two areas of focus: the theoretical approaches to populism and the effects of populism on the representative democracy of a nation-state. Considering the theoretical approaches and interpretive analyses of populism, it can be concluded that both Viktor Orban and Donald J. Trump can be regarded as populist leaders from political-strategic and ideal-discursive perspectives. The theoretical approaches to populism described in this article allow for the construc tion of a theoretical framework aimed at understanding the populist phenomenon and the dynamics of contemporary populist leaders.

]]> Barbera Gonzalez, R., & del Fresno, F. M. (2019). An approach to populism in the Donald Trump figure. Vivat Academia: Revista de Comunicacion, 146, 113–135. https://doi.org/10.15178/ va.2019.146.113-135

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Gonzalez, R. B., & del Fresno, F. M. (2018). An approach to populism in the Donald Trump figure. Redalyc. https://www.redalyc.org/journal/5257/525762353006/html/

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Moffitt, B. (2016). The global rise of populism: Performance, political style, and representation (pp. 30–32, 51–62, 137–142). Stanford University Press.

Mudde, C., & Rovira Kaltwasser, C. (2017). Populism: A very short introduction. Oxford University Press.

Muller, J. W. (2016). What is populism? (p. 1). University of Pennsylvania Press.

Oliver, J. E., & Rahn, W. M. (2016). Rise of the Trumpensvolk: Populism in the 2016 ele ction. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. https://doi. org/10.1177/0002716216662639

Perspectives on Politics. (2021). Forging, bending, and breaking: Enacting the “illiberal playbo ok” in Hungary and Poland. Cambridge Core. https://doi.org/10.1017/S153759272000009X (Note: URL updated to a presumed article DOI if available — confirm accuracy)

Riley, D. (2018). What is Trump? New Left Review, 114. https://newleftreview.org/issues/ii114/ articles/dylan-riley-what-is-trump

Rosanvallon, P. (2008). Counter-democracy: Politics in an age of distrust (p. 265). Cambridge University Press.

Smith, D. (2025, February 7). ‘In a real sense, US democracy has died’: How Trump is emula ting Hungary’s Orban. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/feb/07/ trump-viktor-orban-electoral-autocracy

Thulin, L. (2025, January 21). There’s a term for Trump’s political style: Authoritarian populism. UC Berkeley News. https://news.berkeley.edu/2025/01/21/theres-a-term-for-trumps-politi cal-style-authoritarian-populism/

Weyland, K., & Madrid, R. L. (2019). When democracy trumps populism (pp. 10–38). Cambridge University Press.

]]> Populism, Viktor Orban, Donald J. Trump, Populist Leaders, International Politics 2025-04-30 https://jlp.ibupress.com/articles/illiberal-playbooks-a-comparative-study-of-viktor-orban-and-donald-trump-s-populist-strategies 1 61-79 10.69648/ZKON7816 en CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ https://jlp.ibupress.com/file/KzjFiKDK5wE/ibu-journal-jlp-6-1-5.pdf İsa Kasum Ankara University, Ankara, Türkiye true Journal of Law And Politics 2671-342X 2671-3438 Balkan University Press https://jlp.ibupress.com

GLOBAL POWER TRANSITIONS: KISSINGER, BRZEZINSKI, ZAKARIA, AND THE FUTURE OF MULTIPOLARITY global-power-transitions-kissinger-brzezinski-zakaria-and-the-future-of-multipolarity Volume 6, Issue 1 Research Article 2025 6 This paper examines the shifting dynamics of global power and inter national order through the perspectives of key geopolitical thinkers: Henry Kissinger, Zbigniew Brzezinski, and Fareed Zakaria. It explores the decline of the global system dominated by the “Political West,” as well as the rise of new geopolitical actors, and the challenges posed by economic globalization, political instability, and the restructuring of power. The paper situates these arguments within the broader debate on transforming from a unipolar to a multipolar world, assessing the implications for international stability and global governance. As tradi tional Western-led structures weaken, new regional and economic powers are asserting themselves, challenging existing geopolitical norms and alliances. Kissinger emphasizes the necessity of a carefully managed global balance, Brzezinski warns of the potential disorder caused by geopolitical awakenings, while Zakaria highlights the economic undercurrents driving this shift. By analyzing their perspectives, this study provides insight into the potential scenarios for the future of global power distribution and the policy adaptations necessary to manage this transition. It fur ther examines whether the West can recalibrate its strategic approach to retain influence in a more complex and decentralized world order. Understanding these shifts is critical in determining whether multipo larity will lead to greater global cooperation or intensified competition and fragmentation.

]]> Brzezinski, Z. (2012). Strategic vision: America and the crisis of global power. Basic Books.

Ikenberry, G. J. (2011). Liberal leviathan: The origins, crisis, and transformation of the American world order. Princeton University Press.

Ivanov, I. (2023). Imperial and hegemonic interregnum. Uluslararası Suçlar ve Tarih, 24, 105–130. https://doi.org/10.54842/ustich.1327010

Kagan, R. (2008). The return of history and the end of dreams. Alfred A. Knopf.

Kissinger, H. (2014, August 29). Henry Kissinger on the assembly of a new world order: The concept that has underpinned the modern geopolitical era is in crisis. The Wall Street Jour nal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/henry-kissinger-on-the-assembly-of-a-new-world-or der-1409328075

Kissinger, H. (2014). World order. Penguin Press.

Kissinger, H. (2021, April 25). Henry Kissinger on the political consequences of the pandemic, China’s rise, and the future of the European Union (M. Döpfner, Interviewer). Die Welt. htt ps://www.welt.de/politik/ausland/plus230952095/Henry-Kissinger-Die-pandemische-Kri se-wird-die-Weltordnung-aendern.html

Kupchan, C. A. (2012). No one’s world: The West, the rising rest, and the coming global turn. Oxford University Press.

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Zakaria, F. (2008). The post-American world. W. W. Norton & Company

]]> Unipolarity, multipolarity, geopolitics, western supremacy, global order 2025-04-30 https://jlp.ibupress.com/articles/global-power-transitions-kissinger-brzezinski-zakaria-and-the-future-of-multipolarity 1 81-96 10.69648/PZCH5709 en CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ https://jlp.ibupress.com/file/LuRKhVSSYgd/ibu-journal-jlp-6-1-6.pdf Ivan Ivanov International Balkan University true Journal of Law And Politics 2671-342X 2671-3438 Balkan University Press https://jlp.ibupress.com

CYBER DIPLOMACY: SECURING THE (DIGITAL) FUTURE cyber-diplomacy-securing-the-digital-future Volume 6, Issue 1 Research Article 2025 6 The 21st century has faced a new reality – modern warfare does not occupy only the realms of classical weaponry and armaments. Securing the country`s welfare does not depend solely on traditional diplomacy and robust economic policies. The word ‘cyber’ opened the door to a new realm of challenges for states in redefining security, diplomacy, and governance in the increasingly interconnected world. The governments have become targets of multiple cyberattacks that have seriously dis rupted the normal functioning of institutions and had a great impact on the everyday life of their citizens. It is cyberspace that has become the most critical domain for economic, political, and military activi ties, thus elevating cybersecurity as an increasingly vital national and international priority. Cyber diplomacy focuses on the use of diplomatic strategies and ne gotiations to address and manage issues arising in cyberspace, from protecting critical infrastructure and building resilience to cyber-attacks to establishing international norms in the cyberspace. Despite progress, there is an absence of universally accepted framework for cyberspace governance. Cyber diplomacy plays vital role in the international relations for securing a peaceful digital future, as states and international organizations work to create cyber policies that promote stability and resilience in cyberspace. As the digital age evolves, cyber diplomacy is becoming international practice in global security positioning itself as an integral part of the foreign policy. It’s the place where technology and interna tional relations intersect.

]]> Attatfa, A., Renaud, K., & De Paoli, S. (2020). Cyber diplomacy: A systematic literature review. Procedia Computer Science, 176, 60–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2020.08.007

Barrinha, A., & Renard, T. (2020). The emergence of cyber diplomacy in an increasingly post-liberal cyberspace. Council on Foreign Relations. https://www.cfr.org/blog/emergence-cyber-diplo macy-increasingly-post-liberal-cyberspace

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Finnemore, M. (2017, November 30). Cybersecurity and the concepts of norms. Carnegie Endow ment for International Peace. https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2017/11/cybersecu rity-and-the-concept-of-norms?lang=en

Latici, T. (2020, May). Understanding the EU’s approach to cyber diplomacy and cyber defence (Brie fing No. 651937). European Parliamentary Research Service. https://www.europarl.europa. eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2020/651937/EPRS_BRI(2020)651937_EN.pdf

Lu, Y. (2023, November). Security and privacy of Internet of Things: A review of challenges and solutions. Journal of Cybersecurity and Mobility.

Manor, I. (2016). What is digital diplomacy and how it is practised around the world? A brief introduction. The Diplomatist Magazine, 2016 Annual Review, 36. http://www.diplomatist. com/dipoannual2016/index.html?pageNumber=36

Paulus, A. (2024). Building bridges in cyber diplomacy. Springer Cham.

Radanliev, P. (2024, February 5). Cyber diplomacy: Defining the opportunities for cybersecurity and risks from artificial intelligence, IoT, blockchains and quantum computing. Journal of Cybersecurity Technology. https://www.tandfonline.com/journals/tsec20

Tripathi, G., Abdul Ahad, M., & Casalino, G. (2023). A comprehensive review of blockchain te chnology: Underlying principles and historical background with future challenges. Decision Analytical Journal, 9.

]]> cyberspace, cyber diplomacy, security, international relations 2025-04-30 https://jlp.ibupress.com/articles/cyber-diplomacy-securing-the-digital-future 1 97-108 10.69648/QPKO3766 en CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ https://jlp.ibupress.com/file/14YnKkhiuNi/ibu-journal-jlp-6-1-7.pdf Katerina Buchkovska International Balkan University, Skopje, North Macedonia true Journal of Law And Politics 2671-342X 2671-3438 Balkan University Press https://jlp.ibupress.com

THE IMPACT OF RELIGION ON GENDER EQUALITY - CASE STUDY: JAPAN the-impact-of-religion-on-gender-equality-case-study-japan Volume 6, Issue 1 Research Article 2025 6 The theoretical framework of this paper is the influence of religion on gender equality in the contemporary world. More precisely, in con temporary Japan. This paper aims to analyze the position of women in Japan, a country that has shaped its cultural and social structure through syncretic religions and partly through Christianity. To analyze this phenomenon, we will explore and compare teachings on the position of women in the religions present in this country, and thus examine the correlation between religion and gender equality. In addition to the descriptive analysis, official statistical data from several relevant sources will be shown. This paper does not seek to present religion as the most significant or only factor shaping the position of women but rather aims to highlight this issue from a perspective that has, to some extent, been neglected.

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Kobayashi, Y. (2012). A path toward gender equality: State feminism in Japan. Routledge.

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]]> Japan, gender equality, syncretic religions, women, religion 2025-04-30 https://jlp.ibupress.com/articles/the-impact-of-religion-on-gender-equality-case-study-japan 1 109-121 10.69648/MDSJ4871 en CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ https://jlp.ibupress.com/file/IrwcDhAFKgn/ibu-journal-jlp-6-1-8.pdf Nikola Mirkovic University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia true Journal of Law And Politics 2671-342X 2671-3438 Balkan University Press https://jlp.ibupress.com

ACKNOWLEDGING NATURE’S INTRINSIC RIGHTS THROUGH BIOPHILIC CONSTITUTIONALISM acknowledging-nature-s-intrinsic-rights-through-biophilic-constitutionalism Volume 6, Issue 1 Research Article 2025 6 This research explores Biophilic Constitutionalism, a framework in tegrating biocentric/eco-centric values into legal orders to recognise nature’s intrinsic rights. While existing literature extensively debates the philosophy of nature’s rights, it lacks practical guidance for imple mentation, particularly internationally. This study investigates: (1) How can Biophilic Constitutionalism be effectively integrated into legal frameworks? and (2) What institutional mechanisms can balance human needs with nature’s rights? Using a mixed-methods approach, this research combines legal doctrinal analysis, comparative case studies (e.g., Ecuador, New Zealand), and environmental ethics theory. It exam ines legal instruments, case law, and governance structures, identifying best practices and implementation challenges. The study analyses the potential of “Guardians for Nature” and explores the feasibility of an International Environmental Court. Findings reveal uneven imple mentation of nature’s rights due to conflicting human interests. Key challenges include defining nature’s rights, establishing representation, and reconciling ecological needs with development. The study proposes a Biophilic Constitutionalism framework, emphasising comprehensive legal standing for nature, participatory governance, and the “principle of ecological necessity.” This research contributes a comprehensive framework for implementing Biophilic Constitutionalism nationally and internationally, offering practical guidance for policymakers and activists. Its findings have significant implications for environmental law and policy, potentially improving biodiversity and ecosystem protection.

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]]> biophilic constitutionalism, legal personhood, ecological governance, environmental law, international law, sustainability, bio centrism, ecocentrism 2025-04-30 https://jlp.ibupress.com/articles/acknowledging-nature-s-intrinsic-rights-through-biophilic-constitutionalism 1 123-140 10.69648/DEWO1699 en CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ https://jlp.ibupress.com/file/5GN14N07ZI4/ibu-journal-jlp-6-1-9.pdf Rawnak Miraj Ul Azam American International University- Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh true Journal of Law And Politics 2671-342X 2671-3438 Balkan University Press https://jlp.ibupress.com

BEYOND BOARDROOMS: A BRIEF EXPLORATION OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE MODELS beyond-boardrooms-a-brief-exploration-of-corporate-governance-models Volume 6, Issue 1 Research Article 2025 6 This article critically examines employee representation in corporate governance through a comparative global lens, focusing on two pri mary models: employee participation in governing bodies and share ownership. By analyzing the historical evolution and legal frameworks of corporate structures, this study explores the potential for fostering inclusive corporate environments that integrate employees into both decision-making and financial outcomes. Drawing on comparative exam ples from Germany, the United States, China, and the United Kingdom, the research investigates how different models of employee engagement influence organizational loyalty, job satisfaction, and productivity. Par ticular attention is given to the canvas of corporate landscape, where such models remain underdeveloped despite broad alignment with EU legal standards, such as the example of North Macedonia. This analysis highlights the need for legislative reform to incorporate effective em ployee engagement strategies tailored to North Macedonia’s economic and legal framework. By combining legal analysis with a comparative study, the paper provides recommendations for establishing resilient engagement models that could redefine corporate governance and en hance business resilience. These insights would bridge existing gaps in Macedonian and regional corporate law, fostering a more democratic, equitable, and worker-based corporate environment.

]]> Addison, J. T., Teixeira, P., & Pahnke, A. (2017). The demise of a model? The state of collective bargaining and worker representation in Germany. Economic and Industrial Democracy, 38(1), 193–234.

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]]> Corporate governance, workers’ representation, share ownership, comparative analysis, employee participation 2025-04-30 https://jlp.ibupress.com/articles/beyond-boardrooms-a-brief-exploration-of-corporate-governance-models 1 141-157 10.69648/MOWZ3784 en CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ https://jlp.ibupress.com/file/15ubBP4YKxA/ibu-journal-jlp-6-1-10.pdf Vildan Drpljanin Cyril Methodius University, Skopje, North Macedonia true Journal of Law And Politics 2671-342X 2671-3438 Balkan University Press https://jlp.ibupress.com