<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<issue>
  <title>Volume 7, Issue 2</title>
  <volume>7</volume>
  <number>2</number>
  <year>2026</year>
  <date>2026-10-27</date>
  <url>https://jlp.ibupress.com/issue/volume-7-issue-2</url>
  <journal>
    <title>Journal of Law And Politics</title>
    <issn>2671-342X</issn>
    <eissn>2671-3438</eissn>
    <publisher>Balkan University Press</publisher>
    <url>https://jlp.ibupress.com</url>
  </journal>
  <articles>
    <article>
      <title>National Space Authorisation and the Operationalisation Deficit of Article VI of the Outer Space Treaty</title>
      <slug>national-space-authorisation-and-the-operationalisation-deficit-of-article-vi-of-the-outer-space-treaty</slug>
      <parent>
        <title>Volume 7, Issue 2</title>
      </parent>
      <post_type>
        <title>Research Article</title>
      </post_type>
      <year>2026</year>
      <volume>7</volume>
      <content><![CDATA[Article VI of the Outer Space Treaty requires states to authorise and 
continuously supervise national activities in outer space. Through 
the duty to prevent genocide and the standard of due diligence, the 
exercise of these licensing powers becomes relevant conduct under the 
law of state responsibility, yet national authorisation regimes lack the 
procedure needed to show how the powers were used. A comparison 
of two statutory strands locates the gap. New Zealand and the United 
Kingdom make consistency with international obligations a condition 
of grant, Luxembourg addresses the obligations to the operator, and 
the proposed EU Space Act omits the condition. None of these regimes 
specifies an object of inquiry, requires reasons, grants standing to affected third parties or defines a trigger for reconsideration. Germany, 
the United States and France regulate the dissemination of satellite data 
through a specified object of inquiry, defined occasions of review and 
documentation duties, but as security and export law. The foreign-policy 
risk of commercial space activity falls between the two strands. Drawing 
on arms transfer control and on English and Dutch case law on export 
licensing, the article proposes six design elements that national legislation 
can enact without treaty amendment, and argues that legislation rather 
than judicial review must close the gap.&nbsp;&nbsp;]]></content>
      <references />
      <keywords>Outer space treaty, licensing, state responsibility, due diligence, administrative accountability</keywords>
      <date>2026-10-26</date>
      <url>https://jlp.ibupress.com/articles/national-space-authorisation-and-the-operationalisation-deficit-of-article-vi-of-the-outer-space-treaty</url>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <pages>1-22</pages>
      <doi>10.69648/IVXA5948</doi>
      <language>en</language>
      <license>CC BY-NC-ND 4.0</license>
      <license_url>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</license_url>
      <pdf>https://jlp.ibupress.com/file/8Oqmh26Pk6y/jlp-7-2-01-hieronymi.pdf</pdf>
      <authors>
        <author>
          <first_name>Moritz</first_name>
          <last_name>Hieronymi</last_name>
          <affiliation>Beijing Institute of Technology</affiliation>
          <country>China</country>
          <orcid>https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7245-6292</orcid>
          <ror>https://ror.org/01skt4w74</ror>
          <corresponding>true</corresponding>
        </author>
      </authors>
      <journal>
        <title>Journal of Law And Politics</title>
        <issn>2671-342X</issn>
        <eissn>2671-3438</eissn>
        <publisher>Balkan University Press</publisher>
        <url>https://jlp.ibupress.com</url>
      </journal>
    </article>
    <article>
      <title>The Invisible Ground of Equality: Physical Appearance, Body Size, and the Limits of Protected Characteristics in Comparative Anti Discrimination Law</title>
      <slug>the-invisible-ground-of-equality-physical-appearance-body-size-and-the-limits-of-protected-characteristics-in-comparative-anti-discrimination-law</slug>
      <parent>
        <title>Volume 7, Issue 2</title>
      </parent>
      <post_type>
        <title>Research Article</title>
      </post_type>
      <year>2026</year>
      <volume>7</volume>
      <content><![CDATA[Anti-discrimination law singles out protected personal characteristics, 
making disadvantages legally relevant when they fall under established 
grounds. Appearance exposes the limitations of this architecture. It may 
affect access to employment and social goods and intersect with sex, race, 
disability, age, religion, and socio-economic class. Yet neither physical 
appearance nor body size is an autonomous protected ground under the 
dominant European Union employment equality regime. This article 
compares the EU’s ground-based architecture, France’s explicit protection 
of physical appearance, and New York City’s targeted protection of height 
and weight. It argues that the EU approach creates a derivative protection 
trap: appearance-related harm receives protection only when reframed 
through a recognised ground. France and New York City offer different 
alternatives. Drawing on comparative anti-discrimination theory, the 
article proposes an appearance-relevance test addressing disadvantage, 
stereotyping, functional relevance, and proportional justification. Its 
purpose is to distinguish private preferences from appearance-based 
exclusion from significant social opportunities.&nbsp;&nbsp;]]></content>
      <references />
      <keywords>Lookism, physical appearance, body size, anti-discrimination law, comparative law</keywords>
      <date>2026-10-26</date>
      <url>https://jlp.ibupress.com/articles/the-invisible-ground-of-equality-physical-appearance-body-size-and-the-limits-of-protected-characteristics-in-comparative-anti-discrimination-law</url>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <pages>23-39</pages>
      <doi>10.69648/APSN1815</doi>
      <language>en</language>
      <license>CC BY-NC-ND 4.0</license>
      <license_url>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</license_url>
      <pdf>https://jlp.ibupress.com/file/99bQBT4DljK/jlp-7-2-02-konstantakis.pdf</pdf>
      <authors>
        <author>
          <first_name>Giorgios</first_name>
          <last_name>Konstantakis</last_name>
          <affiliation>Aristotle University of Thessaloniki</affiliation>
          <country>Greece</country>
          <orcid>https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7458-5554</orcid>
          <ror>https://ror.org/02j61yw88</ror>
          <corresponding>true</corresponding>
        </author>
      </authors>
      <journal>
        <title>Journal of Law And Politics</title>
        <issn>2671-342X</issn>
        <eissn>2671-3438</eissn>
        <publisher>Balkan University Press</publisher>
        <url>https://jlp.ibupress.com</url>
      </journal>
    </article>
    <article>
      <title>Exploring the Implication of EU’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism on Nigeria</title>
      <slug>exploring-the-implication-of-eu-s-carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism-on-nigeria</slug>
      <parent>
        <title>Volume 7, Issue 2</title>
      </parent>
      <post_type>
        <title>Research Article</title>
      </post_type>
      <year>2026</year>
      <volume>7</volume>
      <content><![CDATA[The EU’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) aims to ad
dress the problem of carbon leakage and enhance the competitiveness 
of EU local producers by imposing carbon tax on imports from non-EU 
nations. However, CBAM will have significant economic implications 
for developing countries, including Nigeria, who have not established 
carbon tax policy similar to the EU’s Emission Trading System (ETS). 
Nigeria is one of the major exporters to the EU but does not currently 
have a carbon tax policy that is aligned with the EU’s ETS. This potentially 
puts additional compliance costs on Nigerian Exporters, raising the price 
of their products in EU market and loss of competitiveness. This paper 
aims to explore the impacts of CBAM on Nigeria’s exports. The article 
argues that given that Nigerian does not currently operate a compliance carbon pricing regime, CBAM could have significant effect on the 
country’s exports to the EU. It proposes a stronger legal framework that 
promotes transparency and integrity of Nigeria’s carbon market system 
and long-term policy alignment with the EU’s carbon trading system.&nbsp;&nbsp;]]></content>
      <references />
      <keywords>European Union, CBAM, Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism, Nigeria, Carbon Trading Scheme</keywords>
      <date>2026-10-25</date>
      <url>https://jlp.ibupress.com/articles/exploring-the-implication-of-eu-s-carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism-on-nigeria</url>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <pages>41-52</pages>
      <doi>10.69648/MLPV5543</doi>
      <language>en</language>
      <license>CC BY-NC-ND 4.0</license>
      <license_url>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</license_url>
      <pdf>https://jlp.ibupress.com/file/HO1QJQI6Led/jlp-7-2-03-alatise.pdf</pdf>
      <authors>
        <author>
          <first_name>Taofeeq N.</first_name>
          <last_name>Alatise</last_name>
          <affiliation>University of Ilorin</affiliation>
          <country>Nigeria</country>
          <orcid>https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8492-0751</orcid>
          <ror>https://ror.org/032kdwk38</ror>
          <corresponding>true</corresponding>
        </author>
      </authors>
      <journal>
        <title>Journal of Law And Politics</title>
        <issn>2671-342X</issn>
        <eissn>2671-3438</eissn>
        <publisher>Balkan University Press</publisher>
        <url>https://jlp.ibupress.com</url>
      </journal>
    </article>
    <article>
      <title>Who Defines the Illegal? The Governance of Illegal Markets in Contested Territories: A Systematic Review</title>
      <slug>who-defines-the-illegal-the-governance-of-illegal-markets-in-contested-territories-a-systematic-review</slug>
      <parent>
        <title>Volume 7, Issue 2</title>
      </parent>
      <post_type>
        <title>Research Article</title>
      </post_type>
      <year>2026</year>
      <volume>7</volume>
      <content><![CDATA[Illegal markets encompass a wide range of business activities carried out 
outside or against legal and regulatory institutions, including smuggling, 
resource extraction, counterfeiting, and trafficking in drugs, arms, and 
human beings. This paper attempts to provide a literature review of 
governance, normalization, and persistence of illegal markets in contested territories based on the recently produced scholarly literature. To 
achieve the stated purpose, a structured review of 75 scholarly articles 
retrieved from the Web of Science is undertaken, focusing on contested 
territories such as Transnistria, South Ossetia, Abkhazia, Donbas, and 
selected territories in the Horn and Great Lakes of Africa. Based on the 
structured literature review, it has been revealed how hybrid governance 
systems – which consist of de facto authorities, local elites, organized 
crime groups, and state accomplices – contribute towards legitimizing 
illegal markets in these territories. Not only have illegal market activities 
been tolerated by the local communities, but they become an integral 
part of local economies and survival techniques in the form of social 
adaptation, with their links to transnational illegal networks further 
reinforcing contested territories within global illegal market dynamics.&nbsp;&nbsp;]]></content>
      <references />
      <keywords>Illegal markets, contested territories, hybrid governance, normalization of illegality, transnational crime</keywords>
      <date>2026-10-26</date>
      <url>https://jlp.ibupress.com/articles/who-defines-the-illegal-the-governance-of-illegal-markets-in-contested-territories-a-systematic-review</url>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <pages>53-67</pages>
      <doi>10.69648/CZJY6843</doi>
      <language>en</language>
      <license>CC BY-NC-ND 4.0</license>
      <license_url>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</license_url>
      <pdf>https://jlp.ibupress.com/file/7Ejkk9wp6hx/jlp-7-2-04-hajiyeva.pdf</pdf>
      <authors>
        <author>
          <first_name>Nargiz</first_name>
          <last_name>Hajiyeva</last_name>
          <affiliation>Azerbaijan State University of Economics</affiliation>
          <country>Azerbaijan</country>
          <ror>https://ror.org/000y2g343</ror>
        </author>
        <author>
          <first_name>Mahmud</first_name>
          <last_name>Nuriyev</last_name>
          <affiliation>National Defense University</affiliation>
          <country>Azerbaijan</country>
          <orcid>https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9871-5458</orcid>
          <ror>https://ror.org/05emvfn26</ror>
        </author>
      </authors>
      <journal>
        <title>Journal of Law And Politics</title>
        <issn>2671-342X</issn>
        <eissn>2671-3438</eissn>
        <publisher>Balkan University Press</publisher>
        <url>https://jlp.ibupress.com</url>
      </journal>
    </article>
    <article>
      <title>Artificial Intelligence &amp; The Violation of Right to Privacy Under Article 17 of the ICCPR</title>
      <slug>artificial-intelligence-the-violation-of-right-to-privacy-under-article-17-of-the-iccpr</slug>
      <parent>
        <title>Volume 7, Issue 2</title>
      </parent>
      <post_type>
        <title>Research Article</title>
      </post_type>
      <year>2026</year>
      <volume>7</volume>
      <content><![CDATA[Artificial Intelligence (AI) has driven innovation and also has posed 
greater threats to the privacy rights guaranteed by Article 17 of the 
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). AI systems 
allow for surveillance, profiling, data fusion and automated decision-making; many of them offer little transparency, consent or accountability. 
This study employs a doctrinal legal methodology to analyse Article 
17’s interpretive jurisprudence, while drawing comparative insights 
from frameworks like the GDPR. It examines how AI practices often 
involve unlawful inferences when lacking a clear legal basis and arbitrary 
interference that does not meet the requirements of proportionality, 
necessity and reasonable standards. Case studies show violations by 
facial recognition at protests, algorithmic profiling of behaviours and 
discrimination over health topics, highlighting intersections with the 
non-discrimination guarantees in Article 26. Findings illustrate that 
remedies are still insufficient, and States struggle to ensure oversight, 
effective redress and privacy-by-design protections. The paper ends 
by arguing that Article 17 must be broadly interpreted to cover informational, algorithmic and biometric privacy, which demands more 
sophisticated governance and independent regulation and protection 
of enforceable rights of access, correction and erasure to protect human 
dignity in the age of AI.&nbsp;&nbsp;]]></content>
      <references />
      <keywords>Digital privacy, artificial intelligence (AI), GDPR, informational privacy, AI governance</keywords>
      <date>2026-10-25</date>
      <url>https://jlp.ibupress.com/articles/artificial-intelligence-the-violation-of-right-to-privacy-under-article-17-of-the-iccpr</url>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <pages>69-83</pages>
      <doi>10.69648/CUYL4523</doi>
      <language>en</language>
      <license>CC BY-NC-ND 4.0</license>
      <license_url>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</license_url>
      <pdf>https://jlp.ibupress.com/file/AlTTfquGaBT/jlp-7-2-05-rayhan.pdf</pdf>
      <authors>
        <author>
          <first_name>Arif</first_name>
          <last_name>Rayhan</last_name>
          <affiliation>Supreme Court of Bangladesh</affiliation>
          <country>Bangladesh</country>
          <orcid>https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9672-1039</orcid>
          <corresponding>true</corresponding>
        </author>
      </authors>
      <journal>
        <title>Journal of Law And Politics</title>
        <issn>2671-342X</issn>
        <eissn>2671-3438</eissn>
        <publisher>Balkan University Press</publisher>
        <url>https://jlp.ibupress.com</url>
      </journal>
    </article>
    <article>
      <title>The Contribution of the Constitutional Court to the Consolidation of the Constitutional State of the Republic of Kosovo: Theoretical Aspects and Analysis of Jurisprudence in the First Decade</title>
      <slug>the-contribution-of-the-constitutional-court-to-the-consolidation-of-the-constitutional-state-of-the-republic-of-kosovo-theoretical-aspects-and-analysis-of-jurisprudence-in-the-fir</slug>
      <parent>
        <title>Volume 7, Issue 2</title>
      </parent>
      <post_type>
        <title>Research Article</title>
      </post_type>
      <year>2026</year>
      <volume>7</volume>
      <content><![CDATA[This scientific paper examines the contribution and significance of the 
Constitutional Court in the consolidation of the constitutional state 
of the Republic of Kosovo. The establishment of the Constitutional 
Court of the Republic of Kosovo marked an important step towards 
strengthening the rule of law and the effective protection of constitutional freedoms and rights. The protection of fundamental human rights 
and freedoms constitutes one of the main foundations upon which the 
constitutional order of the Republic of Kosovo is built. The Constitution 
of the Republic of Kosovo guarantees these rights and freedoms, while 
their protection represents an important element of the functioning 
of the constitutional state.
In this context, the paper deals with the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court during the first decade of its operation, focusing on some 
of the most significant decisions that have influenced the development 
of constitutional practice in the Republic of Kosovo.
For the realization of this paper, the method of legal analysis has been 
employed, through the examination of relevant literature and the 
analysis of the decisions of the Constitutional Court. In particular, the 
analysis focuses on some of the most important cases addressed in the 
jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court during the first decade of its 
operation, which reflect its role in the interpretation of constitutional 
norms and in the protection of fundamental rights and freedoms.]]></content>
      <references />
      <keywords>Constitutional court, constitutional review, constitutional state, constitutional jurisprudence, constitutional consolidation</keywords>
      <date>2026-10-26</date>
      <url>https://jlp.ibupress.com/articles/the-contribution-of-the-constitutional-court-to-the-consolidation-of-the-constitutional-state-of-the-republic-of-kosovo-theoretical-aspects-and-analysis-of-jurisprudence-in-the-fir</url>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <pages>85-99</pages>
      <doi>10.69648/GJMU2738</doi>
      <language>en</language>
      <license>CC BY-NC-ND 4.0</license>
      <license_url>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</license_url>
      <pdf>https://jlp.ibupress.com/file/2jAxOnA5MPc/jlp-7-2-06-elezi.pdf</pdf>
      <authors>
        <author>
          <first_name>Julinda</first_name>
          <last_name>Elezi</last_name>
          <affiliation>South East European University</affiliation>
          <country>North Macedonia</country>
          <orcid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7149-9935</orcid>
          <ror>https://ror.org/00m04y575</ror>
          <corresponding>true</corresponding>
        </author>
      </authors>
      <journal>
        <title>Journal of Law And Politics</title>
        <issn>2671-342X</issn>
        <eissn>2671-3438</eissn>
        <publisher>Balkan University Press</publisher>
        <url>https://jlp.ibupress.com</url>
      </journal>
    </article>
    <article>
      <title>Data Safety Rights in Usage of Digital Platforms</title>
      <slug>data-safety-rights-in-usage-of-digital-platforms</slug>
      <parent>
        <title>Volume 7, Issue 2</title>
      </parent>
      <post_type>
        <title>Research Article</title>
      </post_type>
      <year>2026</year>
      <volume>7</volume>
      <content><![CDATA[This paper explores the intersection of user’s rights and online activities in 
the context of everyday use of digital tools. It examines the role of digital 
platforms, their vulnerabilities, and the types of information processed 
in daily internet usage, and explores how personal information is shared 
online. Discussion focuses on the implications of users’ knowledge of 
data privacy law, best practices for safeguarding information, protecting 
personal data, and understanding how data circulates within digital 
environments. Examples are drawn from popular social media platforms 
and online shopping websites, showing the users’ experiences with data 
security. The paper explores how human rights can be integrated into 
cybersecurity frameworks and how laws can be implemented in the context of daily internet use, examined with a focus on individual persons 
as the center of cybersecurity laws. It addresses the needs and concerns 
of average internet users around their daily interactions and challenges 
they face in maintaining security and privacy online.&nbsp;&nbsp;]]></content>
      <references />
      <keywords>Cybersecurity, personal data, online payments, privacy rights, digital rights</keywords>
      <date>2026-10-26</date>
      <url>https://jlp.ibupress.com/articles/data-safety-rights-in-usage-of-digital-platforms</url>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <pages>101-110</pages>
      <doi>10.69648/CAHT8406</doi>
      <language>en</language>
      <license>CC BY-NC-ND 4.0</license>
      <license_url>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</license_url>
      <pdf>https://jlp.ibupress.com/file/AjNgOqL99zD/jlp-7-2-07-tiro.pdf</pdf>
      <authors>
        <author>
          <first_name>Hana</first_name>
          <last_name>Tiro</last_name>
          <orcid>https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7430-6837</orcid>
          <corresponding>true</corresponding>
        </author>
      </authors>
      <journal>
        <title>Journal of Law And Politics</title>
        <issn>2671-342X</issn>
        <eissn>2671-3438</eissn>
        <publisher>Balkan University Press</publisher>
        <url>https://jlp.ibupress.com</url>
      </journal>
    </article>
    <article>
      <title>Marital Rape: Social Reality Vs. Legal Recognition</title>
      <slug>marital-rape-social-reality-vs-legal-recognition</slug>
      <parent>
        <title>Volume 7, Issue 2</title>
      </parent>
      <post_type>
        <title>Research Article</title>
      </post_type>
      <year>2026</year>
      <volume>7</volume>
      <content><![CDATA[Any form of violence perpetrated within the family is considered particularly severe, precisely because it occurs in an environment that is 
presumed to provide warmth, safety, and emotional support. Such acts 
are committed by individuals who are expected to ensure protection and 
trust, yet these very settings are often transformed into spaces of fear, 
coercion, and psychological suffering. When addressing sexual violence 
within marriage, the issue becomes even more critical, as marital rape 
represents one of the gravest forms of domestic violence, frequently 
accompanied by psychological, emotional, social, and physical abuse.
Rape, particularly within the context of marriage, has been recognized 
relatively late in both international and domestic legal frameworks. This 
delayed recognition reflects deeply rooted historical, cultural, and legal 
perceptions of marriage as implying irrevocable consent. Accordingly, 
this research paper aims to analyze the factors that have contributed to 
the late legal acknowledgment of marital rape, the persistent underreporting of this criminal offense, and the manner in which it continues 
to be perceived and treated within society.
In order to provide a comprehensive and nuanced understanding of this 
phenomenon, the paper employs a comparative legal method to examine 
the relationship between international and national legal frameworks, 
alongside a statistical approach that illustrates the current situation in 
North Macedonia, particularly in relation to reporting patterns documented by the Ministry of Interior. Through this analysis, the study 
seeks to highlight the gap between formal legal recognition and the 
social reality of marital rape.&nbsp;&nbsp;]]></content>
      <references />
      <keywords>Marital rape, victims, intimate partner</keywords>
      <date>2026-10-25</date>
      <url>https://jlp.ibupress.com/articles/marital-rape-social-reality-vs-legal-recognition</url>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <pages>111-126</pages>
      <doi>10.69648/CBCZ3571</doi>
      <language>en</language>
      <license>CC BY-NC-ND 4.0</license>
      <license_url>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</license_url>
      <pdf>https://jlp.ibupress.com/file/F33vIVvcnkY/jlp-7-2-08-gjakova.pdf</pdf>
      <authors>
        <author>
          <first_name>Era</first_name>
          <last_name>Gjakova</last_name>
          <affiliation>South East European University</affiliation>
          <country>North Macedonia</country>
          <ror>https://ror.org/00m04y575</ror>
          <corresponding>true</corresponding>
        </author>
        <author>
          <first_name>Vedije</first_name>
          <last_name>Ratkoceri</last_name>
          <affiliation>South East European University</affiliation>
          <country>North Macedonia</country>
          <ror>https://ror.org/00m04y575</ror>
        </author>
      </authors>
      <journal>
        <title>Journal of Law And Politics</title>
        <issn>2671-342X</issn>
        <eissn>2671-3438</eissn>
        <publisher>Balkan University Press</publisher>
        <url>https://jlp.ibupress.com</url>
      </journal>
    </article>
    <article>
      <title>Harmonisation via Socialisation: The Role of EU Agencies’ Staff in Stimulating Convergence of EU Internal Security Practices</title>
      <slug>harmonisation-via-socialisation-the-role-of-eu-agencies-staff-in-stimulating-convergence-of-eu-internal-security-practices</slug>
      <parent>
        <title>Volume 7, Issue 2</title>
      </parent>
      <post_type>
        <title>Research Article</title>
      </post_type>
      <year>2026</year>
      <volume>7</volume>
      <content><![CDATA[European Union (EU) agencies like Frontex (the European Border and 
Coast Guard Agency), Europol (the European Union Agency for Law 
Enforcement Cooperation) and the EUAA (the European Agency for 
Asylum) developed a substantial policy-influencing, operational, regulatory, and implementation-influencing capacity.
By developing standards and benchmarks, by training security staff 
all across the Union, as well as by overseeing that common rules and 
policies are implemented correctly, EU security agencies are more and 
more included in pinpointing political priorities, shaping security cultures, and developing foundational concepts (like those of risk and 
threat) upon which common interior policies are based. This Article 
explores the potential of EU agencies’ staff to socialise practitioners and 
decision-makers to certain security standards and practices and their 
perceptions of what public good they pursue (e.g., security vs. liberty).
The Article argues that socialisation should be understood not simply as 
the transmission of EU norms to national officials, but as a mechanism 
through which administrative practices, professional expectations and 
understandings of appropriate conduct can become increasingly shared 
across jurisdictions. In the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice (AFSJ), 
where political sensitivity and national responsibility constrain the scope 
for uniform legislation, interaction between agency staff and national 
practitioners can therefore constitute an alternative pathway towards 
administrative convergence. At the same time, its effects depend on the 
incentives and political priorities of national practitioners.&nbsp;&nbsp;]]></content>
      <references />
      <keywords>EU agencies, socialisation, AFSJ, administrative convergence, harmonisation</keywords>
      <date>2026-10-26</date>
      <url>https://jlp.ibupress.com/articles/harmonisation-via-socialisation-the-role-of-eu-agencies-staff-in-stimulating-convergence-of-eu-internal-security-practices</url>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <pages>127-140</pages>
      <doi>10.69648/OXHW7180</doi>
      <language>en</language>
      <license>CC BY-NC-ND 4.0</license>
      <license_url>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</license_url>
      <pdf>https://jlp.ibupress.com/file/7tfTnbx3QXo/jlp-7-2-09-halilovic.pdf</pdf>
      <authors>
        <author>
          <first_name>Aida</first_name>
          <last_name>Halilovic</last_name>
          <affiliation>Maastricht University</affiliation>
          <country>Netherlands</country>
          <orcid>https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0145-1628</orcid>
          <ror>https://ror.org/02jz4aj89</ror>
          <corresponding>true</corresponding>
        </author>
      </authors>
      <journal>
        <title>Journal of Law And Politics</title>
        <issn>2671-342X</issn>
        <eissn>2671-3438</eissn>
        <publisher>Balkan University Press</publisher>
        <url>https://jlp.ibupress.com</url>
      </journal>
    </article>
    <article>
      <title>Legal Obligations Governing Starvation and Humanitarian Access in International Armed Conflicts</title>
      <slug>legal-obligations-governing-starvation-and-humanitarian-access-in-international-armed-conflicts</slug>
      <parent>
        <title>Volume 7, Issue 2</title>
      </parent>
      <post_type>
        <title>Research Article</title>
      </post_type>
      <year>2026</year>
      <volume>7</volume>
      <content><![CDATA[Starvation in armed conflict is a lack of food and other essentials required 
for civilian survival, due to food destruction or to restrictions in being 
able to access it. In international armed conflicts, the denial of such 
necessaries may be more pronounced when humanitarian assistance 
is denied, delayed or prevented to affected civilian populations. Even 
countries that have signed international documents banning starvation 
and have responsibilities and duties regarding humanitarian relief, show 
a wide gap between the protection and implementation in the context 
of contemporary conflicts. In this context, the research explores the 
links between humanitarian access constraints, food system disruption, 
displacement, insecurity and civilian hunger and deprivation due to 
restrictions on humanitarian access, disruption of food systems, displacement, insecurity and administrative and political barriers. International 
legal and institutional documents are qualitatively analyzed with the 
help of selected contemporary conflict situations, in order to explore the 
relationship between legal duties, humanitarian action and the realities 
of people affected by conflict. The analysis shows that starvation is not 
just a result of the lack of food availability but can also be a result of 
the breakdown of the social, economic and humanitarian conditions 
needed for civilian life in conflict situations. Existing protections are 
further undermined and humanitarian responses limited by significant 
implementation, monitoring and accountability gaps. The analysis also 
places the issue in the context of Sustainable Development Goal 2 (Zero 
Hunger) to recognize the need to link immediate humanitarian response 
to medium-term food security and resilience building in conflict-affected 
communities. Effective response necessitates greater synergies between 
civilian protection, humanitarian assistance, accountability mechanisms 
and longer-term food-security strategies in conflict-affected contexts.&nbsp;&nbsp;]]></content>
      <references />
      <keywords>Starvation, humanitarian aid, international armed conflict, SDG 2 (zero hunger), civilian protection</keywords>
      <date>2026-10-26</date>
      <url>https://jlp.ibupress.com/articles/legal-obligations-governing-starvation-and-humanitarian-access-in-international-armed-conflicts</url>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <pages>141-155</pages>
      <doi>10.69648/NSQL2164</doi>
      <language>en</language>
      <license>CC BY-NC-ND 4.0</license>
      <license_url>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</license_url>
      <pdf>https://jlp.ibupress.com/file/2LZLRhuKDdw/jlp-7-2-10-sudan.pdf</pdf>
      <authors>
        <author>
          <first_name>Gursimar Kour</first_name>
          <last_name>Sudan</last_name>
          <affiliation>Lovely Professional University</affiliation>
          <country>India</country>
          <orcid>https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5605-3519</orcid>
          <ror>https://ror.org/00et6q107</ror>
          <corresponding>true</corresponding>
        </author>
      </authors>
      <journal>
        <title>Journal of Law And Politics</title>
        <issn>2671-342X</issn>
        <eissn>2671-3438</eissn>
        <publisher>Balkan University Press</publisher>
        <url>https://jlp.ibupress.com</url>
      </journal>
    </article>
    <article>
      <title>Implementing Turkish Arbitration in North Macedonia: Statutory Convergence, Institutional Design, and an Incremental Reform Roadmap</title>
      <slug>implementing-turkish-arbitration-in-north-macedonia-statutory-convergence-institutional-design-and-an-incremental-reform-roadmap</slug>
      <parent>
        <title>Volume 7, Issue 2</title>
      </parent>
      <post_type>
        <title>Research Article</title>
      </post_type>
      <year>2026</year>
      <volume>7</volume>
      <content><![CDATA[The globalization of commerce has increased the importance of effective, 
predictable, and internationally respected mechanisms for resolving 
disputes. Arbitration, particularly international arbitration, has become 
a pivotal and attractive feature of transnational business regulation, 
given its flexibility, neutrality, and the ability, under widely adopted 
international treaties, such as the New York Convention of 1958, to 
gain quick and effective enforcement of arbitral awards. While many 
countries, including North Macedonia and Türkiye, have modernized 
their arbitration laws by adopting provisions from the UNCITRAL 
Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration, differing levels 
of institutional development and variations in legal traditions tend to 
produce significant disparities in arbitration performance and capacity in 
emerging legal systems (International Arbitration Law No. 4686, 2001, 
Art. 4). This article considers the potential benefits, as well as possible 
pitfalls, of selectively borrowing elements of the Turkish arbitration 
system for application in North Macedonia, suggesting that a progressive 
process of legal harmonization and gradual institutional development is 
preferable to wholesale transplantation (New York Convention, 1958, 
Art. V). The Turkish experience is worthy of close examination, given 
Türkiye’s unique history of legal development, civil law tradition, and 
position as a gateway between Europe and Asia, all of which offer 
promising parallels for the fast-changing market-oriented legal system 
of North Macedonia. Drawing on comparative law methodology, theories 
of institutional development, and concepts of policy sequencing, this 
paper assesses how improvements in arbitration practice and law may 
contribute to greater court efficiency, foreign direct investment, and 
regional economic integration in the Western Balkans, ultimately proposing a comprehensive reform strategy based on legal harmonization, 
institutional education, and professional community building (Law on 
International Commercial Arbitration, 2006, art. 10).&nbsp;&nbsp;]]></content>
      <references />
      <keywords>Modern Law, international arbitration, Turkish Arbitration, Law, North Macedonia</keywords>
      <date>2026-10-26</date>
      <url>https://jlp.ibupress.com/articles/implementing-turkish-arbitration-in-north-macedonia-statutory-convergence-institutional-design-and-an-incremental-reform-roadmap</url>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <pages>157-172</pages>
      <doi>10.69648/YURW2654</doi>
      <language>en</language>
      <license>CC BY-NC-ND 4.0</license>
      <license_url>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</license_url>
      <pdf>https://jlp.ibupress.com/file/IdrHhZBDNJz/jlp-7-2-11-isildak.pdf</pdf>
      <authors>
        <author>
          <first_name>Muratcan</first_name>
          <last_name>Işıldak</last_name>
          <affiliation>International Balkan University</affiliation>
          <country>North Macedonia</country>
          <orcid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8156-4371</orcid>
          <ror>https://ror.org/00ghx1590</ror>
          <corresponding>true</corresponding>
        </author>
      </authors>
      <journal>
        <title>Journal of Law And Politics</title>
        <issn>2671-342X</issn>
        <eissn>2671-3438</eissn>
        <publisher>Balkan University Press</publisher>
        <url>https://jlp.ibupress.com</url>
      </journal>
    </article>
    <article>
      <title>Religion and Its Presence in The Global Digital Space: Approaching Big Data Technology Through the Lens of International Studies</title>
      <slug>religion-and-its-presence-in-the-global-digital-space-approaching-big-data-technology-through-the-lens-of-international-studies</slug>
      <parent>
        <title>Volume 7, Issue 2</title>
      </parent>
      <post_type>
        <title>Research Article</title>
      </post_type>
      <year>2026</year>
      <volume>7</volume>
      <content><![CDATA[This article aims to explain the relationship and significance of religion 
in modern social sciences, especially the study of globalization, which is 
an essential marker in international relations. With a textual approach, 
this research&nbsp;has a background in explaining how the international sociological perspective is used to read the new social reality between world 
religions and their da’wah when absorbed into the world of data. How is 
the conceptual and&nbsp;theoretical response to it, and how are contemporary 
critical social theory reading tools alongside the sophistication of extensive data study analysis, which is suspected of being the maximization 
and expansion of modern capitalism? It is approached with a study of 
literature studies commonly used in qualitative research to read such a 
reality. Ultimately, it resulted in the conclusion that adaptation is the 
key to moderation in the mechanism of modern religious da’wah in the 
era of big data, which is so expansive while still maintaining the spirit 
of intellectual criticism of stakeholders.&nbsp;&nbsp;]]></content>
      <references />
      <keywords>Data, information, globalization, technology, religion</keywords>
      <date>2026-10-26</date>
      <url>https://jlp.ibupress.com/articles/religion-and-its-presence-in-the-global-digital-space-approaching-big-data-technology-through-the-lens-of-international-studies</url>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <pages>173-190</pages>
      <doi>10.69648/MTUJ1893</doi>
      <language>en</language>
      <license>CC BY-NC-ND 4.0</license>
      <license_url>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</license_url>
      <pdf>https://jlp.ibupress.com/file/LNI5cFOZF0k/jlp-7-2-12-sumrahadi.pdf</pdf>
      <authors>
        <author>
          <first_name>Abdullah</first_name>
          <last_name>Sumrahadi</last_name>
          <affiliation>President University</affiliation>
          <country>Indonesia</country>
          <orcid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0394-9855</orcid>
          <ror>https://ror.org/04w4pwd42</ror>
          <corresponding>true</corresponding>
        </author>
        <author>
          <first_name>Andika Priyandana</first_name>
          <last_name>Sunoko</last_name>
          <affiliation>National University of Malaysia</affiliation>
          <country>Malaysia</country>
          <orcid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6727-2519</orcid>
          <ror>https://ror.org/00bw8d226</ror>
        </author>
        <author>
          <first_name>Musa</first_name>
          <last_name>Maliki</last_name>
          <affiliation>Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jakarta</affiliation>
          <country>Indonesia</country>
          <orcid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8504-7286</orcid>
          <ror>https://ror.org/05b4za178</ror>
        </author>
      </authors>
      <journal>
        <title>Journal of Law And Politics</title>
        <issn>2671-342X</issn>
        <eissn>2671-3438</eissn>
        <publisher>Balkan University Press</publisher>
        <url>https://jlp.ibupress.com</url>
      </journal>
    </article>
  </articles>
</issue>